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Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (v.59, #2)

Multipesticide Residue Assessment of Agricultural Soil and Water in Major Farming Areas in Benguet, Philippines by Jinky Leilanie Del Prado Lu (pp. 175-181).

This study investigated the concentration and presence of pesticide residues in water and soil in Benguet, which is a vegetable producing region in the Philippines. Seventy-eight samples and 49 water samples were taken from different farms covering three municipalities in the province of Benguet and were analyzed using gas chromatography. Meteorological conditions of temperature and humidity were also taken. Thirty-four of the soil samples were found to be positive for pesticide residues. The most significant pesticide type with the highest concentration was technical endosulfan, with a mean concentration of 0.025 mg/kg, followed by endosulfan sulfate (0.015 mg/kg), chlorpyrifos (0.01 mg/kg), profenofos (0.003 mg/kg), chlorothanil, cypermethrin, and cylohathrin (all at 0.002 mg/kg). One water sample was found to be positive for pesticide residue of chlorpyrifos in municipality 2 at a concentration of 0.07 mg/L. The data also showed that endosulfan, which is restricted in the Philippines and banned in other countries, was found to be the most prevalent pesticide used (17.7%) and the second highest in concentration (0.015 mg/kg) in soil samples. The study also showed a relationship between temperature and pesticide concentration in soil. In conclusion, pesticide residues were found in soil and water samples in the farming areas of Benguet.

Estimation of DNA Integrity in Blood Cells of Eastern Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) Inhabiting an Aluminium-Polluted Water Environment: an Alkaline Comet Assay Study by Ivančica Ternjej; Zlatko Mihaljević; Igor Stanković; Mladen Kerovec; Laszlo Sipos; Davor Želježić; Nevenka Kopjar (pp. 182-193).

To estimate the impacts of an Al-contaminated aquatic environment on DNA integrity in the blood cells of eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki Girard 1859 inhabiting Lake Njivice (Island of Krk, Croatia), an evaluation using the alkaline comet assay was carried out. Genome integrity was studied in parallel with the same fish species inhabiting the nearby, unpolluted Lake Ponikve. The amount of DNA damage in cells was estimated from three different parameters: comet tail length as the extent of genetic material migration, tail intensity (% DNA in the comet tail) and tail moment. The results indicate the loss of genome integrity in blood cells of mosquitofish inhabiting Lake Njivice and the genotoxicity of this aquatic environment. Using the same assay, acute genotoxicity of contaminated water and sediment was evaluated and confirmed on fish, mouse and human blood cells treated ex vivo. Results of the present study indicate that the alkaline comet assay applied to fish blood cells is a valuable tool for determining the potential genotoxicity of water pollutants and confirm its usefulness in the evaluation of DNA damage in fish living in Al-polluted waters.

Effect of Heavy Metals on Inhibition of Root Elongation in 23 Cultivars of Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) by Petr Soudek; Adéla Katrušáková; Lukáš Sedláček; Šárka Petrová; Vladimír Kočí; Petr Maršík; Miroslav Griga; Tomáš Vaněk (pp. 194-203).

The effect of toxic metals on seed germination was studied in 23 cultivars of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Toxicity of cadmium, cobalt, copper, zinc, nickel, lead, chromium, and arsenic at five different concentrations (0.01–1 mM) was tested by standard ecotoxicity test. Root length was measured after 72 h of incubation. Elongation inhibition, EC₅₀ value, slope, and NOEC values were calculated. Results were evaluated by principal component analysis, a multidimensional statistical method. The results showed that heavy-metal toxicity decreased in the following order: As³⁺ ≥ As⁵⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Cd²⁺ > Co²⁺ > Cr⁶⁺ > Ni²⁺ > Pb²⁺ > Cr³⁺ > Zn²⁺.

Uranium Exposure to the Tropical Duckweed Lemna aequinoctialis and Pulmonate Snail Amerianna cumingi: Fate and Toxicity by Alicia C. Hogan; Rick A. van Dam; Melanie A. Houston; Andrew J. Harford; Suthidha Nou (pp. 204-215).

The discharge of catchment-management water from the Ranger uranium (U) mine into Magela Creek upstream of the Ramsar-listed Magela Floodplain in Kakadu National Park is an important part of the mine’s water-management system. Because U is one of the primary toxicants associated with this water, a receiving-water trigger value (TV), based on chronic toxicity data from five local native species, was derived for U. To strengthen the data set underpinning the derivation of the TV, the chronic toxicity of U to two additional tropical freshwater species, duckweed Lemna aequinoctialis (96-hour growth rate), and pulmonate gastropod, Amerianna cumingi (96-hour reproduction), was determined. The fate of U within the test systems was an important component of the study because analysis of U concentrations during the snail tests indicated that a substantial proportion of U (approximately 25%) was being lost from the test solutions when integrated during the entire test duration. Analysis of the snails and their food for U indicated that only a small proportion that was lost from solution was being taken up by the snails. Therefore, the majority of U that was lost was considered unavailable to the snails, and thus the exposure concentrations used to calculate the toxicity estimates were adjusted downward. Integrating the loss of U from the L. aequinoctialis test solutions over time showed that only a small proportion (6% to 13%) was lost during the test: Of that, almost half (2–5%) was taken up by the plants (constituting exposure). Uranium was only moderately toxic to L. aequinoctialis, with no observed–effect concentrations, lowest observed–effect concentrations, and inhibition concentrations causing 10% and 50% effects (IC₁₀ and IC₅₀) values of 226, 404, 207, and 1435 μg/l, respectively. A. cumingi was found to be more sensitive to U than L. aequinoctialis, with NOEC, LOEC, IC₁₀, and IC₅₀ values of 60, 61, 15, and 278 μg/l, respectively. The data for these two additional species will be used to revise the current TV for U in Magela Creek.

Effects of Mercury on Growth, Emergence, and Behavior of Chironomus riparius Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae) by Henrique M. V. S. Azevedo-Pereira; Amadeu M. V. M. Soares (pp. 216-224).

Mercury is a pervasive toxicant that can be found in the environment due to anthropogenic activity as well as natural sources. The majority of studies in freshwater environments focus mainly on bioaccumulation, population dynamics, and biomagnification. Here, we study the effects of mercuric chloride on Chironomus riparius Meigen, simulating a mercury discharge on a freshwater ecosystem. Growth, emergence, development time, and behavior were the end points assessed. Growth was measured after 8 days of exposure and behavior was recorded on days 4 and 10 of the experimental period. The behavioral responses of C. riparius to different mercury treatments were recorded with an online biomonitor, which allows a more objective and precise behavioral understanding than visual observation. Mercury exposure resulted in reductions in growth and emergence, a delayed development time, and a decrease in locomotor activity of the larvae. Our results demonstrate that mercury exposure can impair life-history responses of chironomids.

The Effects of Salinity, pH, and Dissolved Organic Matter on Acute Copper Toxicity to the Rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis (“L” Strain) by W. R. Arnold; R. L. Diamond; D. S. Smith (pp. 225-234).

This paper presents data from original research for use in the development of a marine biotic ligand model and, ultimately, copper criteria for the protection of estuarine and marine organisms and their uses. Ten 48-h static acute (unfed) copper toxicity tests using the euryhaline rotifer Brachionus plicatilis (“L” strain) were performed to assess the effects of salinity, pH, and dissolved organic matter (measured as dissolved organic carbon; DOC) on median lethal dissolved copper concentrations (LC50). Reconstituted and natural saltwater samples were tested at seven salinities (6, 11, 13, 15, 20, 24, and 29 g/L), over a pH range of 6.8–8.6 and a range of dissolved organic carbon of <0.5–4.1 mg C/L. Water chemistry analyses (alkalinity, calcium, chloride, DOC, hardness, magnesium, potassium, sodium, salinity, and temperature) are presented for input parameters to the biotic ligand model. In stepwise multiple regression analysis of experimental results where salinity, pH, and DOC concentrations varied, copper toxicity was significantly related only to the dissolved organic matter content (pH and salinity not statistically retained; α = 0.05). The relationship of the 48-h dissolved copper LC50 values and dissolved organic carbon concentrations was LC50 (μg Cu/L) = 27.1 × DOC (mg C/L)^1.25; r ² = 0.94.

Occurrence and Distribution of Metals in Mussels from the Cantabrian Coast by L. Bartolomé; P. Navarro; J. C. Raposo; G. Arana; O. Zuloaga; N. Etxebarria; M. Soto (pp. 235-243).

From February 2004 to April 2006, the concentrations of more than 10 metals in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were measured in 10 stations from Galicia to the Basque Country in 8 different times of sampling. The mean highest concentrations are found for Zn [226.8 μg/g, dry weight (d.w.)] followed by Mn, As, Cu, and Co (between 10 and 25 μg/g d.w.). Lower mean concentrations are found for Se, Cr, Pb, V, and Ni (between 2 and 8 μg/g d.w.) and the lowest are for Cd, Sn, Hg, and Sb (between 0.05 and 1 μg/g d.w.). Among the statistical treatments used, the factor analysis showed a clustering of the mussels according to the geographical location. In addition, the temporal trend of the metal concentrations was studied by means of the Mann–Kendall test. In this sense, some stations showed a decreasing trend in the accumulation of the metallic content. However, there were some local pollution events that could be explained as a consequence of anthropogenic activities. Finally, the effects of the oil spill from the Prestige are discussed based on the experimental Ni/V ratio values obtained from this work and those of the original oil.

Distribution of Organic Microcontaminants, Butyltins, and Metals in Mussels From the Estuary of Bilbao by Luis Bartolomé; Nestor Etxebarria; Irantzu Martínez-Arkarazo; Juan Carlos Raposo; Aresatz Usobiaga; Olatz Zuloaga; Damien Raingeard; Miren P. Cajaraville (pp. 244-254).

Mussels are used as bioindicators of chemical pollution in coastal and estuarine waters. We measured the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), phthalate esters (PEs), butyltins, and metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) in mussel tissues collected from the lower Bilbao estuary (Arriluze, north of Spain) every 2 months from November 2002 to March 2004. The concentration (μg g⁻¹ dry weight) of PAHs, PCBs, and PEs ranged from 5.1 to 18.3, from 0.04 to 0.2, and from 1.5 to 27.6, respectively. Temporal pattern variations, including maximum and minimum values, were determined for metals and BTs from their concentration profiles during a period of 1 year. The main feature of organic microcontaminants was relatively high concentration values, reflecting the overall industrial and harbour activities of the site. Moreover, the ratios of methylated species and certain other diagnostic ratios suggested a petrogenic origin for PAHs. Finally, the relations among the concentrations found in mussel tissues and the levels of several cell biomarkers were established by a partial least squares model.

Assessment of Metallothioneins in Tissues of the Clam Megapitaria squalida as Biomarkers for Environmental Cadmium Pollution From Areas Enriched in Phosphorite by Cristina Escobedo-Fregoso; Lia C. Mendez-Rodriguez; Pablo Monsalvo-Spencer; Raul A. Llera-Herrera; Tania Zenteno-Savin; Baudilio Acosta-Vargas (pp. 255-263).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of metallothionein (MT) concentrations in tissues of the clam Megapitaria squalida as biomarkers of environmental cadmium (Cd) pollution from phosphorite enrichments in the marine environment, which resulted from mining activities in La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Cd and MT were quantified in gills, digestive gland, and kidney of clams exposed to 0.2 or 0.5 mg Cd l⁻¹ for 10, 20, or 30 days. In addition, clams from four strategically selected natural sites of La Paz Bay were collected for analysis. In tissues of bioassayed and untreated clams, the gradient of Cd concentrations was digestive gland >> gills > kidney, whereas that of MT was digestive gland > gills > kidney. Digestive gland of the clams exposed to 0.5 mg Cd l⁻¹ for 30 days showed the highest concentrations of Cd (16.3 ± 3.9 μg Cd g⁻¹). The highest statistically significant MT concentrations were found in digestive gland at 10 days of exposure to Cd. In the untreated clams, one of the highest Cd concentrations, but not MT levels, was found in digestive glands of the organisms collected from the area close to phosphorite mining activities. For environmental monitoring, MT levels in digestive gland can be used as a first approximation of the presence of high levels of divalent metals in the environment. However, in this study, MT levels did not correlate with high Cd levels in clams that had been collected from areas associated with phosphorite enrichment.

Uptake and Elimination of Cadmium and Zinc by Eisenia andrei During Exposure to Low Concentrations in Artificial Soil by Ben A. Smith; Philipp Egeler; Daniel Gilberg; William Hendershot; Gladys L. Stephenson (pp. 264-273).

Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) are often used in the risk assessment process to estimate trophic transfer of contaminants such as metals from soil. BAFs can be derived from laboratory studies through the determination of steady-state concentrations or kinetic estimation methods. In this study, bioaccumulation tests were performed with artificial soil spiked at low levels with cadmium or zinc to determine uptake and elimination kinetics of both metals by the compost worm Eisenia andrei. The metal-amended soils were acclimated for 21 days prior to the test, after which worms were individually incubated in the soils. The uptake phase comprised 0–21 days, after which the test organisms were transferred into clean soil and the elimination phase continued for an additional 21 days. Subsamples of soil and earthworms (whole body) were collected from independent replicates throughout the uptake phase and elimination phase and analyzed for total metal concentrations. Uptake of Cd in E. andrei increased linearly with time and did not reach steady state within the testing period. Cd uptake and excretion were described by a one-compartment first-order kinetics model. Zn concentrations rapidly increased in E. andrei after 1 day of exposure but subsequently decreased to background levels throughout the remainder of the uptake phase; internal Zn concentrations did not change from background levels during the elimination phase. Kinetic BAFs were calculated for Cd and Zn. Cd is a nonessential metal that is bioaccumulated at a relatively rapid rate, while Zn is an essential metal, and as such, it is regulated by E. andrei. Metal essentiality and concentration significantly impact bioaccumulation of metals by terrestrial invertebrates.

Developmental Toxicity of Endocrine Disrupters Bisphenol A and Vinclozolin in a Terrestrial Isopod by M. F. L. Lemos; C. A. M. van Gestel; A. M. V. M. Soares (pp. 274-281).

Studies of the effects of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) on invertebrates are still largely underrepresented. This work aims to fill this gap by assessing the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) and vinclozolin (Vz) on the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber (common rough woodlouse). Male adult and sexually undifferentiated juvenile woodlice were exposed to the toxicants. Effects on molting regime and growth were investigated independently for males and female woodlice after sexual differentiation. Both chemicals elicited developmental toxicity to P. scaber by causing overall decreased growth. Nevertheless, BPA induced molting, whereas Vz delayed it. Although the LC₅₀ values for juvenile and adult survival were fairly similar, juvenile woodlice showed an increased chronic sensitivity to both chemicals, and female woodlice were most the sensitive to BPA. We recommend the use of adults, juveniles, female, and male woodlice, as well as a large range of toxicant concentrations, to provide valuable information regarding differential dose responses, effects, and threshold values for EDCs.

Distribution of Trace Metals and Methylmercury in Soft Tissues of the Freshwater Eel Anguilla marmorata in Vietnam by Dung Quang Le; Duc Cu Nguyen; Hiroya Harino; Naoya Kakutani; Naoko Chino; Takaomi Arai (pp. 282-290).

This study investigated trace metals in water, sediment, and various organs of the mature eel Anguilla marmorata in the Ba River, Vietnam. The metal concentrations in water and sediment did not exceed the Vietnam water criteria and sediment background concentration, except for Mn and Pb in sediment. The results of metal analysis in eel specimens indicated that the liver and kidney were the dominant organs for almost all trace metals, whereas muscle tended to accumulate high levels of Hg and approximately 87.4–100% of Hg was methylmercury. A strong positive correlation between mercury levels in muscle and age were found, but there was no correlation between mercury and body size. Interestingly, a high concentration of Zn was found in the gonad and liver; this indicated that high levels of Zn in the liver might play a physiologically important role in the eel’s biological mechanisms during gonadal maturation. Though almost none of the metal concentrations in the muscle exceeded the reference doses of the U.S. EPA, approximately 80% of eels from the river contained mercury exceeding the recommended levels (0.30 μg/g) of the U.S. EPA and might present a risk for human consumption.

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Lake Sediments, Fish (Oreochromis niloticus and Serranochromis thumbergi), and Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) in Lake Itezhi-tezhi and Lake Kariba, Zambia by Shouta M. M. Nakayama; Yoshinori Ikenaka; Kaampwe Muzandu; Kennedy Choongo; Balazs Oroszlany; Hiroki Teraoka; Naoharu Mizuno; Mayumi Ishizuka (pp. 291-300).

We measured the level of heavy metal accumulation in lake sediments, herbivorous (Oreochromis niloticus) and carnivorous (Serranochromis thumbergi) fish, and crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) from Lake Itezhi-tezhi (ITT) and Lake Kariba. We used atomic absorption spectrophotometry to quantify the levels of seven heavy metals (Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ni). The sediment and the herbivorous fish O. niloticus accumulated a very high concentration of Cu in Lake ITT, most likely due to the discharge of Cu waste from a mining area 450 km upstream. The aquatic species we sampled in Lake Kariba had higher concentrations of Cr, Ni, and Pb relative to those in Lake ITT. This is most likely due to anthropogenic activities, such as the use of leaded petrol and antifouling agents in marine paints. Interestingly, we observed a negative correlation between the coefficient of condition (K) and Ni concentration in the crayfish hepatopancreas. Both O. niloticus and the crayfish had much higher biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) for Cu, Zn, and Cd relative to Cr, Co, Pb, and Ni. The rank of BSAF values for O. niloticus (Cu > Cd > Zn) and C. quadricarinatus (Zn > Cd > Cu) differed from the expected ranks based on the general order of affinity of metals (Cd >> Zn > Cu).

Impacts and Pathways of Mine Contaminants to Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in an Idaho Watershed by Tim Kiser; James Hansen; Brian Kennedy (pp. 301-311).

Metals contamination from mining activities is a persistent problem affecting aquatic ecosystems throughout mining districts in the western USA. The Gold Creek drainage in northern Idaho has a history of mining within its headwaters and contains elevated sediment concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. To determine system-wide impacts of increased metals, we measured concentrations of metals in water, sediment, and benthic macroinvertebrate tissues and related them to whole-body fish tissues and histopathological alterations in native salmonids. Water concentrations were higher than those in reference areas, but were below water quality criteria for protection of aquatic biota for most of the study area. Sediment and benthic macroinvertebrate tissue concentrations for all metals were significantly higher at all sites compared with the reference site. Fish tissues were significantly higher for all metals below mine sites compared with the reference site, but only Cd and Pb were higher in fish tissues in the furthest downstream reach in the Gold Creek Delta. Metals concentrations in benthic macroinvertebrate tissues and fish tissues were strongly correlated, suggesting a transfer of metals through a dietary pathway. The concentrations within sediments and biota were similar to those reported in other studies in which adverse effects to salmonids occurred. We observed histopathological changes in livers of bull trout, including inflammation, necrosis, and pleomorphism. Our study is consistent with other work in which sediment-driven exposure can transfer up the food chain and may cause adverse impacts to higher organisms.

Intraspecific and Interspecific Tolerance to Copper Sulphate in Five Iberian Amphibian Species at Two Developmental Stages by E. García-Muñoz; F. Guerrero; G. Parra (pp. 312-321).

Intraspecific and interspecific variations have been observed across many taxa with respect to resistance to natural environmental stressors. It has already been well documented that amphibians are sensitive to habitat degradation and are regarded as bioindicators of aquatic and agricultural ecosystems. In southern Spain, different toxic substances, including copper sulphate, which is used to control Cycloconium oleaginum (Fungi, Ascomycota, Venturiaceae) during spring and autumn, are used in intensive olive tree agriculture. In this context, many wetlands are affected by a diffuse pollution process. Thus, toxicological studies using different species living in wetlands surrounded by agricultural activity are needed to understand the alterations suffered by these ecosystems. To achieve this understanding, individuals of five amphibian species (Bufo bufo, Epidalea calamita, Discoglossus jeanneae, Pelobates cultripes, and Pelophylax perezi) at Gosner developmental stages 19 and 25 were exposed to different copper sulphate concentrations in 96 h acute toxicity tests. Exposure to copper sulphate had a negative effect on total larval length reached at the end of the experimental period and generated approximately 30% of growth reduction respect to control treatments. P. perezi was the most tolerant species studied and showed no mortality at the maximum concentration tested (0.20 mg Cu L⁻¹), whereas the most sensitive species (B. bufo, E. calamita, and D. jeanneae) showed approximately 90% mortality at the same concentration. These results indicates that the sole presence in wetlands of P. perezi, the most abundant species in southeast of Iberian Peninsula, might be correlated with its high tolerance to agrochemicals.

Properties of Blood, Porphyrins, and Exposure to Legacy and Emerging Persistent Organic Pollutants in Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) Overwintering on the South Coast of British Columbia, Canada by L. K. Wilson; M. L. Harris; S. Trudeau; M. G. Ikonomou; J. E. Elliott (pp. 322-333).

The surf scoter (Melanitta perspicillata) is a little-studied species of North American sea duck. Estimates suggest it has experienced a precipitous decline in breeding numbers over the latter half of the past century. To investigate the potential role of contaminant uptake and toxicity in the population decline, this study undertook to measure blood chemistry, porphyrin concentrations, EROD, and organic contaminants in mature surf scoters wintering in the Strait of Georgia, BC, Canada. Hepatic organochlorine pesticide, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, polychlorinated dibenzofuran, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), polybrominated diphenyl ether, and nonylphenol concentrations were relatively low; for example, ΣTEQs (toxic equivalents) for PCBs, dioxins, and furans combined ranged from 4.7 ng/kg wet weight in reference-site (Baynes Sound) birds to 11.4 ng/kg wet weight in birds from Vancouver Harbour. Nonetheless, elevated EROD activity indicated that birds in Howe Sound were responding to an Ah-receptor-mediated stressor, which was also affecting hematocrit values and possibly vitamin A status. In addition, a low proportion of lymphocytes in individuals across locations in early spring samples was associated with poor body condition. The apparent loss of fitness just prior to the onset of northerly migrations to breeding grounds is of particular concern. Compromised health of mature birds at this point in the season might impact negatively on the productivity and survival of some individuals, particularly those overwintering in Howe Sound.

Combined Exposure of Peripubertal Male Rats to the Endocrine-Disrupting Compound Atrazine and Power–Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Causes Degranulation of Cutaneous Mast Cells: A New Toxic Environmental Hazard? by Vesna Rajkovic; Milica Matavulj; Olle Johansson (pp. 334-341).

The effects of single and combined treatments of the endocrine-disrupting compound atrazine and the power–frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) were investigated on cutaneous mast cells in juvenile/peripubertal male Wistar rats. Animals were divided into six groups: (1) 4 h/day exposure to EMFs (50 Hz), (2) 20 mg/kg of body weight (bw) of atrazine, (3) 200 mg/kg bw of atrazine, (4) EMFs with 20 mg/kg bw of atrazine, (5) EMFs with 200 mg/kg bw of atrazine, and (6) control. Both the atrazine and the combined treatments, but not the single EMF exposure, increased the number of degranulated mast cells. Statistically significant differences were demonstrated between the control and both of the combined treatments (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Additionally, low and high doses of atrazine combined with the EMFs were found significantly different when compared to the EMF group alone (both at p < 0.001). Considering the biological importance of mast cells in cutaneous immune reactions, future studies should reveal whether combined exposures to chemical and physical environmental agents pose a serious health risk.

Erratum to: Distribution of Organic Microcontaminants, Butyltins, and Metals in Mussels From the Estuary of Bilbao by Luis Bartolomé; Nestor Etxebarria; Irantzu Martínez-Arkarazo; Juan Carlos Raposo; Aresatz Usobiaga; Olatz Zuloaga; Damien Raingeard; Maren Ortiz-Zarragoitia; Miren P. Cajaraville (pp. 342-342).

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Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (v.59, #2)