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Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology (v.44, #1)
Nanobiotechnology and biosensor research by A. N. Reshetilov; A. M. Bezborodov (pp. 1-5).
Nanobiotechnology is defined as an interdisciplinary field of science that studies the application of fine-sized biological objects (of nanoscale, 1–100 nm) to design the devices and systems of the same size that utilize for new purposes the unusual, known, or previously unknown effects. Analysis demonstrates that the final goals, approaches, solution methods, and applications of nanostructures and biological sensors have much in common. This brief review attempts to systematize a number of the available data and pick out an organic connection of the new research direction with the field of biosensor technology, which have reached the level of sustainable development.
Nanobiotechnology and biosensor research by A. N. Reshetilov; A. M. Bezborodov (pp. 1-5).
Nanobiotechnology is defined as an interdisciplinary field of science that studies the application of fine-sized biological objects (of nanoscale, 1–100 nm) to design the devices and systems of the same size that utilize for new purposes the unusual, known, or previously unknown effects. Analysis demonstrates that the final goals, approaches, solution methods, and applications of nanostructures and biological sensors have much in common. This brief review attempts to systematize a number of the available data and pick out an organic connection of the new research direction with the field of biosensor technology, which have reached the level of sustainable development.
Intensification of composting processes by aerobic microorganisms: A review by A. D. Neklyudov; G. N. Fedotov; A. N. Ivankin (pp. 6-18).
Microbiological and biotechnological characteristics of intensification of aerobic processing of organic waste have been reviewed, with a view for revealing two types of correlations: (1) between the quality of the composts obtained and the microorganisms involved in composting and (2) between physicochemical parameters and consumer properties of the composts.
Intensification of composting processes by aerobic microorganisms: A review by A. D. Neklyudov; G. N. Fedotov; A. N. Ivankin (pp. 6-18).
Microbiological and biotechnological characteristics of intensification of aerobic processing of organic waste have been reviewed, with a view for revealing two types of correlations: (1) between the quality of the composts obtained and the microorganisms involved in composting and (2) between physicochemical parameters and consumer properties of the composts.
Effect of herbicide tralkoxydim and 2-acylcyclohexane-1,3-diones on peroxidase activity by M. V. Potapovich; A. N. Eremin; D. B. Rubinov; D. I. Metelitza (pp. 19-27).
Effect of 2-acylcyclohexane-1,3-dione derivatives (tralkoxydim and its diketone precursors) on peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), o-phenylenediamine (PDA), and the phenol-4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) couple has been studied. This effect varies from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) inactivation to activation in the reactions of peroxidation of TMB, PDA, and, to a lesser extent, the phenol-4-AAP couple. The diketone-mediated HRP activation depends strongly on pH, presence of dimethylformamide, the structures of tralkoxydim and other diketones, and the substrate nature. The type of activation in the course of peroxidation with the presence of tralkoxydim can be noncompetitive (PDA and TMB) or mixed (TMB) depending on conditions. The maximal level of the HRP activation mediated by diketones depends on their structure. It can reach 4000% of the initial HRP-catalyzed peroxidation rate for TMB and ca. 1000% for PDA. A test system is proposed for quantitative tralkoxydim assay at millimolar concentration. It includes HRP and TMB as the substrate with spectrometrical monitoring of the TMB peroxidation product at 655 nm.
Effect of herbicide tralkoxydim and 2-acylcyclohexane-1,3-diones on peroxidase activity by M. V. Potapovich; A. N. Eremin; D. B. Rubinov; D. I. Metelitza (pp. 19-27).
Effect of 2-acylcyclohexane-1,3-dione derivatives (tralkoxydim and its diketone precursors) on peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), o-phenylenediamine (PDA), and the phenol-4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) couple has been studied. This effect varies from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) inactivation to activation in the reactions of peroxidation of TMB, PDA, and, to a lesser extent, the phenol-4-AAP couple. The diketone-mediated HRP activation depends strongly on pH, presence of dimethylformamide, the structures of tralkoxydim and other diketones, and the substrate nature. The type of activation in the course of peroxidation with the presence of tralkoxydim can be noncompetitive (PDA and TMB) or mixed (TMB) depending on conditions. The maximal level of the HRP activation mediated by diketones depends on their structure. It can reach 4000% of the initial HRP-catalyzed peroxidation rate for TMB and ca. 1000% for PDA. A test system is proposed for quantitative tralkoxydim assay at millimolar concentration. It includes HRP and TMB as the substrate with spectrometrical monitoring of the TMB peroxidation product at 655 nm.
Restriction endonuclease Asi256I recognizes and cuts the nucleotide sequence 5′-GATC-3′ by T. A. Ushakova; L. I. Puchkova; V. V. Gutorov; O. D. Totmenina; V. E. Repin (pp. 28-31).
A strain producing a restriction endonuclease was isolated from soil samples and identified as the Arthrobacter sp. strain Ck256. The enzyme produced by this strain was termed Asi256I. The isolation procedure for this enzyme was described, and the optimal conditions for its function were determined. It was shown that the restriction endonuclease Asi256I is a true isoschizomer of MboI, it has a temperature optimum of 6°C, and can be used in molecular-biological and genetic-engineering studies performed at low temperatures.
Restriction endonuclease Asi256I recognizes and cuts the nucleotide sequence 5′-GATC-3′ by T. A. Ushakova; L. I. Puchkova; V. V. Gutorov; O. D. Totmenina; V. E. Repin (pp. 28-31).
A strain producing a restriction endonuclease was isolated from soil samples and identified as the Arthrobacter sp. strain Ck256. The enzyme produced by this strain was termed Asi256I. The isolation procedure for this enzyme was described, and the optimal conditions for its function were determined. It was shown that the restriction endonuclease Asi256I is a true isoschizomer of MboI, it has a temperature optimum of 6°C, and can be used in molecular-biological and genetic-engineering studies performed at low temperatures.
Inhibition of lipase activity by low-molecular-weight chitosan by E. S. Ostanina; V. P. Varlamov; G. I. Yakovlev (pp. 32-37).
Inhibition of enzymatic activity of lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) from the fungus Candida rugosa and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germ by low-molecular-weight chitosan with an average molecular weight of 5.7 kDa in reactions of p-nitrophenyl palmitate cleavage was studied. Preincubation of lipases with chitosan, prior to addition of the substrate to solution, showed that equilibrium during the lipase-inhibitor complex formation was reached within 30 min. The inhibition constants for C. rugosa lipase and wheat germ lipase were 1.4 and 0.9 mM, respectively. The contribution of electrostatic interactions to the complex formation between chitosan and lipases is insignificant.
Inhibition of lipase activity by low-molecular-weight chitosan by E. S. Ostanina; V. P. Varlamov; G. I. Yakovlev (pp. 32-37).
Inhibition of enzymatic activity of lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) from the fungus Candida rugosa and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germ by low-molecular-weight chitosan with an average molecular weight of 5.7 kDa in reactions of p-nitrophenyl palmitate cleavage was studied. Preincubation of lipases with chitosan, prior to addition of the substrate to solution, showed that equilibrium during the lipase-inhibitor complex formation was reached within 30 min. The inhibition constants for C. rugosa lipase and wheat germ lipase were 1.4 and 0.9 mM, respectively. The contribution of electrostatic interactions to the complex formation between chitosan and lipases is insignificant.
Protective effect of extracellular protein metabolite of Luteococcus japonicus subsp. casei on cells subjected to heating and UV irradiation by L. I. Vorob’eva; E. Yu. Khodzhaev; G. M. Ponomarev (pp. 38-41).
Extracellular protein metabolite isolated from the culture liquid of Luteococcus japonicus subsp. casei had reactivating and protective effects on UV-irradiated and heated cells. The extracellular metabolite, produced by cells in the logarithmic growth phase, was present in culture liquid in minuscule amounts. Mass spectral analysis showed that, along with the major component with a molecular weight of 7.6 kDa, the preparation contained low quantities of three minor proteins. Apparently, the biological activity of the exometabolite is determined by the major polypeptide component.
Protective effect of extracellular protein metabolite of Luteococcus japonicus subsp. casei on cells subjected to heating and UV irradiation by L. I. Vorob’eva; E. Yu. Khodzhaev; G. M. Ponomarev (pp. 38-41).
Extracellular protein metabolite isolated from the culture liquid of Luteococcus japonicus subsp. casei had reactivating and protective effects on UV-irradiated and heated cells. The extracellular metabolite, produced by cells in the logarithmic growth phase, was present in culture liquid in minuscule amounts. Mass spectral analysis showed that, along with the major component with a molecular weight of 7.6 kDa, the preparation contained low quantities of three minor proteins. Apparently, the biological activity of the exometabolite is determined by the major polypeptide component.
Extracellular glycosyl hydrolase activity of the Clostridium strains producing acetone, butanol, and ethanol by O. V. Berezina; S. P. Sineoky; G. A. Velikodvorskaya; W. Schwarz; V. V. Zverlov (pp. 42-47).
Production of acetone, butanol, ethanol, acetic acid, and butyric acid by three strains of anaerobic bacteria, which we identified as Clostridium acetobutylicum, was studied. The yield of acetone and alcohols in 6% wheat flour medium amounted to 12.7–15 g/l with butanol constituting 51.0–55.6%. Activities of these strains towards xylan, β-glucan, carboxymethylcellulose, and crystalline and amorphous celluloses were studied. C. acetobutylicum 6, C. acetobutylicum 7, and C. acetobutylicum VKPM B-4786 produced larger amounts of acetone and alcohols and displayed higher cellulase and hemicellulase activities than the type strain C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 in lab-scale butch cultures. It was demonstrated that starch in the medium could be partially substituted with plant biomass.
Extracellular glycosyl hydrolase activity of the Clostridium strains producing acetone, butanol, and ethanol by O. V. Berezina; S. P. Sineoky; G. A. Velikodvorskaya; W. Schwarz; V. V. Zverlov (pp. 42-47).
Production of acetone, butanol, ethanol, acetic acid, and butyric acid by three strains of anaerobic bacteria, which we identified as Clostridium acetobutylicum, was studied. The yield of acetone and alcohols in 6% wheat flour medium amounted to 12.7–15 g/l with butanol constituting 51.0–55.6%. Activities of these strains towards xylan, β-glucan, carboxymethylcellulose, and crystalline and amorphous celluloses were studied. C. acetobutylicum 6, C. acetobutylicum 7, and C. acetobutylicum VKPM B-4786 produced larger amounts of acetone and alcohols and displayed higher cellulase and hemicellulase activities than the type strain C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 in lab-scale butch cultures. It was demonstrated that starch in the medium could be partially substituted with plant biomass.
Conversion of phytosterols into androstenedione by Mycobacterium neoaurum by N. V. Rodina; M. A. Molchanova; N. E. Voishvillo; V. A. Andryushina; T. S. Stytsenko (pp. 48-54).
Optimum conditions for transformation of phytosterols by Mycobacterium neoaurum, required for selective cleavage of the lateral chain into androstenedione, were shown to differ from the known conditions of animal sterol (cholesterol) transformation. Complete conversion of phytosterols into androstenedione at a substrate load of no less than 20 g/l was achieved on increasing the amount of the inoculum and the concentration of glucose (by 2 and 4 times, respectively, relative to cholesterol) and performing the fermentation under conditions of turbulent mixing. Under these conditions, both the rate of the transformation and the yield of the reaction product were high, due to the saturation of the culture liquid with hydrocarbonate. Data from the literature show that this ion is involved in cleavage of the branched lateral chain at carbon in position 24.
Conversion of phytosterols into androstenedione by Mycobacterium neoaurum by N. V. Rodina; M. A. Molchanova; N. E. Voishvillo; V. A. Andryushina; T. S. Stytsenko (pp. 48-54).
Optimum conditions for transformation of phytosterols by Mycobacterium neoaurum, required for selective cleavage of the lateral chain into androstenedione, were shown to differ from the known conditions of animal sterol (cholesterol) transformation. Complete conversion of phytosterols into androstenedione at a substrate load of no less than 20 g/l was achieved on increasing the amount of the inoculum and the concentration of glucose (by 2 and 4 times, respectively, relative to cholesterol) and performing the fermentation under conditions of turbulent mixing. Under these conditions, both the rate of the transformation and the yield of the reaction product were high, due to the saturation of the culture liquid with hydrocarbonate. Data from the literature show that this ion is involved in cleavage of the branched lateral chain at carbon in position 24.
Evaluation of the effect of various methods of oil-polluted soil bioremediation on micromycete complexes by N. A. Kireeva; M. D. Bakaeva; N. F. Galimzyanova (pp. 55-59).
The influence of remediation of oil-contaminated gray forest, dark gray forest, and black soils by biological preparations Bacispecin, Devoroil, and Belvitamil on the population of opportunistic and phytotoxic fungi was studied. It was found that this population increased after oil pollution and decreased after three months of remediation. The latter is a sign of gradual recovery of soil microbiota.
Evaluation of the effect of various methods of oil-polluted soil bioremediation on micromycete complexes by N. A. Kireeva; M. D. Bakaeva; N. F. Galimzyanova (pp. 55-59).
The influence of remediation of oil-contaminated gray forest, dark gray forest, and black soils by biological preparations Bacispecin, Devoroil, and Belvitamil on the population of opportunistic and phytotoxic fungi was studied. It was found that this population increased after oil pollution and decreased after three months of remediation. The latter is a sign of gradual recovery of soil microbiota.
Bioremediation of oil-polluted soil with an association including the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus and soil microflora by N. N. Pozdnyakova; V. E. Nikitina; O. V. Turovskaya (pp. 60-65).
The possibility of application of the Pleurotus ostreatus D1-soil microflora to bioremediation of oil-polluted soils was studied. The fungus degraded mainly the aromatic fractions, whereas soil microflora intensely degraded paraffin and naphthene oil fractions. Introduction of the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus D1 to soil induces degradation of a wider range of oil hydrocarbons. It is reasonable to further investigate the discovered phenomenon in order to improve procedures of remediation of oil-polluted soils.
Bioremediation of oil-polluted soil with an association including the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus and soil microflora by N. N. Pozdnyakova; V. E. Nikitina; O. V. Turovskaya (pp. 60-65).
The possibility of application of the Pleurotus ostreatus D1-soil microflora to bioremediation of oil-polluted soils was studied. The fungus degraded mainly the aromatic fractions, whereas soil microflora intensely degraded paraffin and naphthene oil fractions. Introduction of the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus D1 to soil induces degradation of a wider range of oil hydrocarbons. It is reasonable to further investigate the discovered phenomenon in order to improve procedures of remediation of oil-polluted soils.
Activity of Lentinus edodes intracellular lectins at various developmental stages of the fungus by E. P. Vetchinkina; V. E. Nikitina; O. M. Tsivileva; L. V. Garibova (pp. 66-72).
We studied changes of the hemagglutinating activity of intracellular lectins of the basidiomycete Lentinus edodes (shiitake) at various stages of its morphogenetic development depending on erythrocyte type, growth medium, and lectin purification degree. Under certain experimental conditions, the specific lectin activity at the brown mycelium film stage exceeded the corresponding value for nonpigmented mycelium. The sensitivity of the lectins towards trypsin-treated rabbit erythrocytes was no less than a hundredfold higher than towards any other erythrocyte type studied. The general regularities of specific activity change did not depend on nutrient medium composition. With purification of intracellular shiitake lectins, their sensitivity to human erythrocytes decreased seventyfold or more, whereas their sensitivity to rabbit erythrocytes increased by the same factor.
Activity of Lentinus edodes intracellular lectins at various developmental stages of the fungus by E. P. Vetchinkina; V. E. Nikitina; O. M. Tsivileva; L. V. Garibova (pp. 66-72).
We studied changes of the hemagglutinating activity of intracellular lectins of the basidiomycete Lentinus edodes (shiitake) at various stages of its morphogenetic development depending on erythrocyte type, growth medium, and lectin purification degree. Under certain experimental conditions, the specific lectin activity at the brown mycelium film stage exceeded the corresponding value for nonpigmented mycelium. The sensitivity of the lectins towards trypsin-treated rabbit erythrocytes was no less than a hundredfold higher than towards any other erythrocyte type studied. The general regularities of specific activity change did not depend on nutrient medium composition. With purification of intracellular shiitake lectins, their sensitivity to human erythrocytes decreased seventyfold or more, whereas their sensitivity to rabbit erythrocytes increased by the same factor.
New efficient producers of fungal laccases by N. M. Myasoedova; A. M. Chernykh; N. V. Psurtseva; N. V. Belova; L. A. Golovleva (pp. 73-77).
Two promising strains of laccase producers—Lentinus strigosus 1566 and Steccherinum ochraceum 1833—were found by screening of basidiomycetes. The cultivation conditions increasing the enzyme yield were selected. The maximal laccase activity was observed in the case of submerged cultivation of the mycelium immobilized on polycaproamide fibers in rich media in the presence of 2 mM CuSO4 in combination with the optimal inducer, namely, 2,6-dimethylphenol for L. strigosus and 2,4-dimethylphenol for S. ochraceum. Under these conditions, the activity of S. ochraceum laccase amounted to 33.1 U/ml and that of L. strigosus, to 186.5 U/ml. Anthracene was transformed with S. ochraceum laccase, and its oxidation to anthraquinone was demonstrated by mass spectrometry.
New efficient producers of fungal laccases by N. M. Myasoedova; A. M. Chernykh; N. V. Psurtseva; N. V. Belova; L. A. Golovleva (pp. 73-77).
Two promising strains of laccase producers—Lentinus strigosus 1566 and Steccherinum ochraceum 1833—were found by screening of basidiomycetes. The cultivation conditions increasing the enzyme yield were selected. The maximal laccase activity was observed in the case of submerged cultivation of the mycelium immobilized on polycaproamide fibers in rich media in the presence of 2 mM CuSO4 in combination with the optimal inducer, namely, 2,6-dimethylphenol for L. strigosus and 2,4-dimethylphenol for S. ochraceum. Under these conditions, the activity of S. ochraceum laccase amounted to 33.1 U/ml and that of L. strigosus, to 186.5 U/ml. Anthracene was transformed with S. ochraceum laccase, and its oxidation to anthraquinone was demonstrated by mass spectrometry.
Polysaccharides of xylotrophic basidiomycetes by V. V. Scherba; V. G. Babitskaya (pp. 78-83).
Physicochemical properties, composition, and structure of the polysaccharides synthesized by the fungi Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum, and Crinipellis schevchenkovi in a submerged culture were studied. It has been demonstrated that the exo-and endopolysaccharides of submerged mycelia of the fungi studied are similar to the β-1,3-D-glucans of the fruiting bodies.
Polysaccharides of xylotrophic basidiomycetes by V. V. Scherba; V. G. Babitskaya (pp. 78-83).
Physicochemical properties, composition, and structure of the polysaccharides synthesized by the fungi Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum, and Crinipellis schevchenkovi in a submerged culture were studied. It has been demonstrated that the exo-and endopolysaccharides of submerged mycelia of the fungi studied are similar to the β-1,3-D-glucans of the fruiting bodies.
Taxonomical, ecological, and geographical diversity of yeast cultures in the All-Russia Collection of Microorganisms (VKM) by W. I. Golubev (pp. 84-88).
The All-Russia Collection of Microorganisms comprises about 2500 yeast strains, which represent over 500 species of 100 genera belonging to 6 classes of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Type strains are available for almost all species. The isolates collected represent all the continents; however, the majority of isolates have been recovered in Europe. The most abundant sources of the strains are plants, soils, foodstuff, wines, and some industrial processes.
Taxonomical, ecological, and geographical diversity of yeast cultures in the All-Russia Collection of Microorganisms (VKM) by W. I. Golubev (pp. 84-88).
The All-Russia Collection of Microorganisms comprises about 2500 yeast strains, which represent over 500 species of 100 genera belonging to 6 classes of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Type strains are available for almost all species. The isolates collected represent all the continents; however, the majority of isolates have been recovered in Europe. The most abundant sources of the strains are plants, soils, foodstuff, wines, and some industrial processes.
Effect of proteinaceous proteinase inhibitors from potato tubers on the growth and development of phytopathogenic microorganisms by T. A. Revina; N. G. Gerasimova; G. V. Kladnitskaya; G. I. Chalenko; T. A. Valueva (pp. 89-92).
We studied the effect of two proteins, PSPI-21 and PKSI, on the growth and development of phytopathogenic microorganisms (Phytophthora infestans oomycete and Fusarium culmorum fungus). Both proteins were isolated from potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Istrinskii) and served as inhibitors of serine proteinases. These proteins differed in the ability to inhibit growth of Phytophthora infestans oomycete and Fusarium culmorum fungus. PSPI-21 was the most potent in modulating the growth of oomycete mycelium. PKSI primarily affected the growth of the fungal mycelium. The proteins under study induced complete destruction of oomycete zoospores and partial destruction of fungal macroconidia. Our results suggest that these proteins are involved in the protection of potato plants from phytopathogenic microorganisms.
Effect of proteinaceous proteinase inhibitors from potato tubers on the growth and development of phytopathogenic microorganisms by T. A. Revina; N. G. Gerasimova; G. V. Kladnitskaya; G. I. Chalenko; T. A. Valueva (pp. 89-92).
We studied the effect of two proteins, PSPI-21 and PKSI, on the growth and development of phytopathogenic microorganisms (Phytophthora infestans oomycete and Fusarium culmorum fungus). Both proteins were isolated from potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Istrinskii) and served as inhibitors of serine proteinases. These proteins differed in the ability to inhibit growth of Phytophthora infestans oomycete and Fusarium culmorum fungus. PSPI-21 was the most potent in modulating the growth of oomycete mycelium. PKSI primarily affected the growth of the fungal mycelium. The proteins under study induced complete destruction of oomycete zoospores and partial destruction of fungal macroconidia. Our results suggest that these proteins are involved in the protection of potato plants from phytopathogenic microorganisms.
Phosphatases and phosphodiesterases isolated from the red king crab (Paralithodes camtschatica) hepatopancreas by N. I. Menzorova; A. D. Ivleva; Yu. T. Sibirtsev; V. A. Rasskazov (pp. 93-97).
Five enzymes have been isolated from the hepatopancreas of the red king crab Paralithodes camtschatica by means of ion exchange and gel chromatography: two acid (AcP) and one alkaline (AlkP) phosphomonoesterases, one alkaline phosphodiesterase (AlkPI), and one acid phosphodiesterase (AcPD). The pH optimum values of these enzymes are: AlkPs and AlkPD, 7.5; AcP, 5.5; and AcPD, 5.0. The activity of AlkP and AlkPD demands Mg2+ ions. The molecular weights of the enzymes (kDa) are the following: AlkP, 80; AcPs, 80 and 82; AlkPD, 51; and AcPD, 57. The enzymes are relatively thermostable (ID 50 from 47 to 62°C). AlkP is inhibited by NaCl (IC 50 at 0.4 M). The AcP, AcPD, and AlkPD activities are tolerant of high ionic strength.
Phosphatases and phosphodiesterases isolated from the red king crab (Paralithodes camtschatica) hepatopancreas by N. I. Menzorova; A. D. Ivleva; Yu. T. Sibirtsev; V. A. Rasskazov (pp. 93-97).
Five enzymes have been isolated from the hepatopancreas of the red king crab Paralithodes camtschatica by means of ion exchange and gel chromatography: two acid (AcP) and one alkaline (AlkP) phosphomonoesterases, one alkaline phosphodiesterase (AlkPI), and one acid phosphodiesterase (AcPD). The pH optimum values of these enzymes are: AlkPs and AlkPD, 7.5; AcP, 5.5; and AcPD, 5.0. The activity of AlkP and AlkPD demands Mg2+ ions. The molecular weights of the enzymes (kDa) are the following: AlkP, 80; AcPs, 80 and 82; AlkPD, 51; and AcPD, 57. The enzymes are relatively thermostable (ID 50 from 47 to 62°C). AlkP is inhibited by NaCl (IC 50 at 0.4 M). The AcP, AcPD, and AlkPD activities are tolerant of high ionic strength.
Anticoagulant activity of low-molecular-weight sulfated derivatives of galactomannan from Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) seeds by N. M. Mestechkina; V. D. Shcherbukhin; G. E. Bannikova; V. P. Varlamov; N. N. Drozd; A. S. Tolstenkov; V. A. Makarov; V. E. Tikhonov (pp. 98-103).
Galactomannan from seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. (guar) was depolymerized using immobilized enzymatic preparation celloviridin. A set of fragments whose molecular weights varied from 12.6 to 245.6 kDa was obtained. Sulfated derivatives of components of all fractions were synthesized, in which the content of HSO 3 − -groups was 48.05 ± 2.31%. All preparations exhibited anticoagulant activity, which was recorded in vitro in two tests—aIIa and aXa. The antithrombin activity (aIIa) was high (up to 65–87 U/mg) and did not depend on the molecular weight of a sulfated derivative; in the second test (aXa), the effect of molecular weight was observed. Biospecific electrophoresis allowed us to detect the ability of galactomannan sulfates to form complexes with protamine sulfate, a classic antidote to heparin.
Anticoagulant activity of low-molecular-weight sulfated derivatives of galactomannan from Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) seeds by N. M. Mestechkina; V. D. Shcherbukhin; G. E. Bannikova; V. P. Varlamov; N. N. Drozd; A. S. Tolstenkov; V. A. Makarov; V. E. Tikhonov (pp. 98-103).
Galactomannan from seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. (guar) was depolymerized using immobilized enzymatic preparation celloviridin. A set of fragments whose molecular weights varied from 12.6 to 245.6 kDa was obtained. Sulfated derivatives of components of all fractions were synthesized, in which the content of HSO 3 − -groups was 48.05 ± 2.31%. All preparations exhibited anticoagulant activity, which was recorded in vitro in two tests—aIIa and aXa. The antithrombin activity (aIIa) was high (up to 65–87 U/mg) and did not depend on the molecular weight of a sulfated derivative; in the second test (aXa), the effect of molecular weight was observed. Biospecific electrophoresis allowed us to detect the ability of galactomannan sulfates to form complexes with protamine sulfate, a classic antidote to heparin.
Production of polysaccharides by callus cultures of common duckweed by E. A. Gyunter; O. V. Popeiko; Yu. S. Ovodov (pp. 104-109).
Callus lines of common duckweed produced acid arabinogalactan and pectin in an amount varying from 1 to 3% of dry weight. The arabinogalactan specimens from the cell lines studied displayed a similar monosaccharide composition. The duckweed callus lines whose arabinogalactans contained apiose residues (1–2%) were found. All pectin specimens had a similar qualitative monosaccharide composition but differed in the quantitative content of monosaccharide residues. The lines with high contents of galactose, arabinose, and apiose in pectin specimens were obtained. The total content of neutral monosaccharide residues in pectins varied from 26 to 50%.
Production of polysaccharides by callus cultures of common duckweed by E. A. Gyunter; O. V. Popeiko; Yu. S. Ovodov (pp. 104-109).
Callus lines of common duckweed produced acid arabinogalactan and pectin in an amount varying from 1 to 3% of dry weight. The arabinogalactan specimens from the cell lines studied displayed a similar monosaccharide composition. The duckweed callus lines whose arabinogalactans contained apiose residues (1–2%) were found. All pectin specimens had a similar qualitative monosaccharide composition but differed in the quantitative content of monosaccharide residues. The lines with high contents of galactose, arabinose, and apiose in pectin specimens were obtained. The total content of neutral monosaccharide residues in pectins varied from 26 to 50%.
The effect of biologically active substances from coniferous plants on the L-phenylalanine ammonia lyase and peroxidase activities in wheat leaves by E. V. Evtushenko; V. A. Saprykin; M. Yu. Galitsyn; V. M. Chekurov (pp. 110-115).
The effect of the preparations produced from needles and wood of various coniferous species on the activities of L-phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5) and peroxidase (PO; EC 1.11.1.7), the enzymes involved in the development of plant defense response, was studied. It was demonstrated that treatment of brend wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) primary leaves with biological preparations produced from coniferous plants caused a transient increase in PAL and PO activities. The induction of these enzyme activities depends on the concentration of preparations and plant immune status. The results obtained suggest that coniferous metabolites are of interest as a source of plant extracts with the elicitor effect, increasing the resistance of plants to phytopathogens and adverse environmental factors.
The effect of biologically active substances from coniferous plants on the L-phenylalanine ammonia lyase and peroxidase activities in wheat leaves by E. V. Evtushenko; V. A. Saprykin; M. Yu. Galitsyn; V. M. Chekurov (pp. 110-115).
The effect of the preparations produced from needles and wood of various coniferous species on the activities of L-phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5) and peroxidase (PO; EC 1.11.1.7), the enzymes involved in the development of plant defense response, was studied. It was demonstrated that treatment of brend wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) primary leaves with biological preparations produced from coniferous plants caused a transient increase in PAL and PO activities. The induction of these enzyme activities depends on the concentration of preparations and plant immune status. The results obtained suggest that coniferous metabolites are of interest as a source of plant extracts with the elicitor effect, increasing the resistance of plants to phytopathogens and adverse environmental factors.