Forgot your password?
New user?
New Window Opens on the Secret Life of Microbes: Scientists Develop First Microbial Profiles of Ecosystems
CAS announces the release of SciFinder Scholar for Mac OS X
Press Releases
Press Releases
| Check out our New Publishers' Select for Free Articles |
Applied Catalysis A, General (v.301, #1)
Selective poisoning of active centers of sulfated zirconia monitored by TAP, XPS, and DRIFTS by Cornelia Breitkopf; Silke Matysik; Helmut Papp (pp. 1-8).
Temporal analysis of products (TAP), XPS, and DRIFTS were used to study the activity and deactivation of acid sites on a sulfated zirconia catalyst for the n-butane isomerization. The activity of the catalyst was altered by selective poisoning of active centres by sulfation with sodium sulfate under the condition of a constant surface sulfate content. Depending on the surface sodium concentration the Brønsted acid sites were selectively poisoned, which was reflected by a stepwise decrease in the isomerization activity and an altered Brønsted-to-Lewis acid ratio. It could be shown, that only a very small amount of Brønsted acid sites were responsible for the initiation of the catalytic reaction. TAP measurements revealed that with a decreasing number of available strong Brønsted sites, the adsorption of the reactant on the surface dramatically decreased. The altered adsorption surface places prevented the formation of reactive intermediates which seemed to be necessary to start the isomerization reaction cycle. The samples were additionally characterized by N2-physisorption, X-ray diffraction, and temperature programmed desorption of ammonia. Moreover, the number of Brønsted sites was estimated by a solid-phase exchange of sulfated zirconia with NH4Y zeolite which could be directly correlated to the DRIFTS results.
Keywords: Sulfated zirconia; n; -Butane isomerization; Active centres; Selective poisoning; TAP; XPS; DRIFTS
Effect of potassium content in the activity of K-promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for the dry reforming of methane by J. Juan-Juan; M.C. Román-Martínez; M.J. Illán-Gómez (pp. 9-15).
In this paper the effect of the potassium content in the structure and properties of the Ni active phase and in the activity and selectivity of the NiK/Al2O3 catalysts for dry reforming of methane has been studied. The following characterization techniques were used: SEM, TEM, temperature programmed reduction (TPR-H2) and reaction (TPR-CH4), temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) and XAFS. The reforming of methane with CO2 was carried out at 973K using 0.18g of catalyst and a mixture CH4:CO2 (50:50, 60ml/min, space velocity of 22,500h−1). Catalytic tests for 6 and 24h have been developed. TPR-H2 and XAFS results reveal that potassium does not modify the arrangement of Ni atoms although facilitates the reduction of nickel species by H2 due to the modification of the interaction between metallic species and the alumina support. The activity data indicate that the addition of a low amount of potassium (0.2wt.% K2O) allows to obtain a catalyst with an acceptably high activity (over 63% methane conversion, close to thermodynamic equilibrium) and very low coke deposition (below 30mgC/gcat. during 6h reaction). Independently of the amount of potassium, the catalytic activity remains almost constant during at least 24h.
Keywords: Dry methane reforming; NiK/Al; 2; O; 3; catalyst; K content; XAFS; TPR
Comparison of reducibility and stability of alumina-supported Ni catalysts prepared by impregnation and co-precipitation by Guohui Li; Linjie Hu; Josephine M. Hill (pp. 16-24).
Three Ni–Al2O3 catalysts, with nickel loadings of 10–13wt.%, were prepared by co-precipitation (Ni–Al co-precip), impregnation on an in-house sol–gel derived alumina (Ni/sol–gel Al2O3), and impregnation on a commercial γ-Al2O3 (Ni/γ-Al2O3). The catalysts were characterized by N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, TPR, XRD, SEM and TEM. The Ni species, Ni particle size, and Ni reducibility depended on the preparation method. The Ni–Al co-precip and Ni/sol–gel Al2O3 catalysts contained NiAl2O4 species after calcination, while the Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst contained NiO and NiAl2O4 species after calcination. Although the Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was the easiest to reduce, according to TPR, this catalyst had the lowest hydrogen uptake over a 100h temperature-staged reduction experiment. The Ni–Al co-precip and Ni/sol–gel Al2O3 catalysts had Ni dispersions of over 7% with reduction at 550°C for 31h, and maximum dispersions of ∼10%, after reduction at 650°C for 7h. After reduction at 550°C, the Ni particles were not evident by TEM examination. The results suggest that the formation of a surface NiAl2O4 spinel phase during preparation is beneficial for a high Ni dispersion in the reduced catalyst.
Keywords: Nickel catalysts; Alumina; Reducibility; Co-precipitation; Impregnation; Catalyst preparation; Stability; Sol–gel synthesis
Effect of the support on a new metanethole synthesis heterogeneously catalyzed by Keggin heteropolyacids by María del Rosario Torviso; Elba N. Alesso; Graciela Y. Moltrasio; Patricia G. Vázquez; Luis R. Pizzio; Carmen V. Cáceres; Mirta Noemí Blanco (pp. 25-31).
Keggin heteropolyacids, supported on solids of different nature and textural characteristics, were used in the reaction of anethole dimerization in order to obtain metanethole. The characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that all catalysts present the Keggin structure of the heteropolyanions without degradation. Besides, all the obtained solids have strong acidity, as determined by potentiometric titration. The results of anethole conversion show that the activity of the catalysts is strongly dependent on the textural properties of the supports used to obtain the catalysts, particularly their mean pore size.
Keywords: Supported Keggin heteropolyacids; Silica; Carbon; Anethole dimerization; Metanethole
Catalytic pyrolysis of heavy oils: 8-lump kinetic model by Xianghai Meng; Chunming Xu; Jinsen Gao; Li Li (pp. 32-38).
A new 8-lump kinetic model is proposed to describe the heavy oil catalytic pyrolysis process. The kinetic model contains 17 kinetic constants and one for catalyst deactivation. This paper also presents a new catalyst deactivation model, a function of feed properties and operating conditions, in which the deactivation constant doesn’t vary with reaction temperature. Kinetic constants and apparent activation energies were determined by the least square regression analysis of the experimental data, obtained in a confined fluidized bed reactor at temperatures of 600, 630, 660 and 700°C. Most of the apparent activation energies are higher than 100kJ/mol, between the apparent activation energies for catalytic cracking and those for thermal cracking. The predicted results indicate that catalytic pyrolysis of heavy oils had better be conducted at high temperature and short residence time of oil gas, and heavy oils with the aromaticity higher than 30% had better not be considered as the feeds of catalytic pyrolysis.
Keywords: Kinetic; Model; Lump; Catalytic pyrolysis; Heavy oil
A comprehensive kinetics model of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis over an industrial Fe–Mn catalyst by Bo-Tao Teng; Jie Chang; Cheng-Hua Zhang; Dong-Bo Cao; Jun Yang; Ying Liu; Xiao-Hui Guo; Hong-Wei Xiang; Yong-Wang Li (pp. 39-50).
A comprehensive Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) kinetics model including the hydrocarbon and oxygenate formation reactions as well as water gas shift (WGS) reaction over an Fe–Mn catalyst is developed in a continuous spinning basket reactor. On the basis of CH2 insertion alkyl mechanism, the kinetics expressions for paraffins, olefins, alcohols and acids are derived. Kinetics calculation results indicate that the formation of paraffins, olefins, alcohols and acids over the Fe–Mn catalyst are parallel competitive reactions. Reasonable and strict analysis in mathematics is given to interpret the results which the comprehensive kinetics model cannot predict the olefin/hydrocarbon ratio well though the olefin readsorption and secondary reactions are involved in the kinetics model. Oxygenates might readsorb over the catalyst surface and take part into the corresponding secondary reactions (chain growth and hydrogenation to the corresponding hydrocarbons), which leads to the exponentially decrease of the experimental alcohol/hydrocarbon and acid/hydrocarbon ratios with the increase of carbon number.
Keywords: Fischer–Tropsch synthesis; Fe–Mn catalyst; Comprehensive kinetics; Water gas shift reaction; Oxygenate
Preparation of well-dispersed Pt/SiO2 catalysts using low-temperature treatments by D. Radivojević; K. Seshan; L. Lefferts (pp. 51-58).
This work explores methods to prepare platinum on silica catalyst using temperatures as low as possible. Therefore, thermal stability in both oxidizing and reducing atmosphere of eight different precursors was studied with thermo-gravimetric analyses (TGA-MS). Based on these data, the precursors were tested to prepare silica supported catalysts, resulting in relationship between the thermal stability of the precursors, the procedures of impregnation, reduction and calcination with the final dispersion on silica. Platinum precursors decomposed more easily in reducing than in oxidizing environment, due to thermochemistry. Catalysts prepared by using ion-exchange and direct reduction in hydrogen resulted in highly dispersed platinum particles on silica. PtCl x and PtO x species, when present during catalyst preparation, cause sintering of platinum at temperatures higher than 250°C (PtCl x) and 350°C (PtO x), respectively. These species can be converted more easily in hydrogen than in air. PtCl4, H2PtCl6·6H2O and H2Pt(OH)6 are suitable as precursors for achieving high platinum dispersion, keeping temperatures below 150°C.
Keywords: Pt/SiO; 2; Catalyst preparation; TGA; Platinum precursor; Sintering; Dispersion; Reduction; Calcination
Preparation of Ti/SiO2 catalysts by chemical vapor deposition method for olefin epoxidation with cumene hydroperoxide by Kuo-Tseng Li; Ping-Hung Lin; Su-Wei Lin (pp. 59-65).
Ti/SiO2 epoxidation catalysts with titanium concentration ≤1.12μmol/m2 were prepared by chemical deposition of TiCl4 vapor on silica gel at 900°C for 0.5–3h. A zero-order rate law was able to satisfactorily describe the deposition process in the range of Ti ≤1μmol/m2. The CVD-prepared Ti/SiO2 catalysts were used to catalyze the epoxidation of propylene and 1-octene to the corresponding epoxides (propylene oxide and 1,2-epoxyoctane) with cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as the oxidants. The epoxide selectivity increased rapidly with Ti concentration. For the catalyst containing the maximum Ti concentration, the epoxide selectivities were insensitive to the oxidant type, and had 97% 1,2-epoxyoctane yield and 93% propylene oxide yield. For the catalysts containing the lower Ti concentration (i.e., with residual SiOH groups), CHP exhibited significant higher epoxide selectivity than TBHP. The results suggest that the oxidant type had a stronger effect on the hydroperoxide decomposition rate (that occurred on the Si–O–H Bronsted acid site) than on the epoxidation rate (that occurred on the Si–O–Ti site), and that CHP had a significantly lower decomposition rate than TBHP. This is opposite to the results reported before for the hydroperoxide stability in the presence of liquid acid. When CHP was used as the oxidant, the rate of propylene epoxidation was found to be first-order with respect to the CHP concentration; the kinetic parameters were determined.
Keywords: Ti/SiO; 2; epoxidation catalysts; Propylene oxide; Chemical vapor deposition; Cumene hydroperoxide; tert; -Butyl hydroperoxide; 1,2-Epoxyoctane
Durability of WO3/ZrO2–CuO/CeO2 catalysts for steam reforming of dimethyl ether by Toshiya Nishiguchi; Kengo Oka; Tomoaki Matsumoto; Hiroyoshi Kanai; Kazunori Utani; Seiichiro Imamura (pp. 66-74).
Development of catalysts for steam reforming of dimethyl ether (DME) producing hydrogen was carried out with the aim of improving catalyst durability. The catalyst consisted of a mixture of solid acid catalysts for hydration of DME to methanol and 40wt.% CuO/CeO2 catalyst for steam reforming of methanol. Among various acid catalysts examined, 10wt.% WO3/ZrO2 had the highest performance. WO3/ZrO2 showed a unique feature that the activity and durability of the combined catalysts (WO3/ZrO2+40wt.% CuO/CeO2) significantly changed depending upon the amounts of WO3 loaded on ZrO2 and the calcination temperatures of WO3/ZrO2. WO3/ZrO2 with low WO3 loading (5wt.% WO3) combined with 40wt.% CuO/CeO2 had only low activity and those with high loadings (more than 15wt.% WO3) and calcined at 700°C had high activity but they were deactivated in a few hours. Calcination at 800°C prevented deactivation of the catalyst even with high W-loadings. Since hydration of DME proceeded even after deactivation, WO3/ZrO2 was not deactivated but deactivation occurred on the CuO/CeO2 side. It was deduced that WO3/ZrO2 caused the deactivation of CuO/CeO2: TPO measurements of the used catalysts showed that carbonaceous precursors formed on WO3/ZrO2 were transferred to CuO/CeO2 and deposited as coke. Characterization of WO3/ZrO2 by BET, XRD and XPS measurements suggested that WO3 formed a monolayer on ZrO2 up to WO3 loading of 12–13wt.%. The excess WO3 over monolayer loading formed carbonaceous precursors during the reaction and caused the deactivation of CuO/CeO2. The excess surface WO3 was not bound directly to ZrO2 and was fragile against heat. Therefore, it changed into bulk WO3 during high temperature calcination and lost its function to form carbonaceous precursors. Durability of the optimized catalyst consisting of 80wt.% CuO/CeO2 and 10wt.% WO3/ZrO2 calcined at 800°C was examined during 100h reaction at 250°C. This catalyst maintained high activity and no fatal deactivation occured. The used catalyst could be regenerated by treatment with oxygen at 300°C.
Keywords: Steam reforming; Dimethyl ether; WO; 3; /ZrO; 2; CuO/CeO; 2; Hydrogen; Durability; Coking
An efficient catalytic system for the carbomethoxylation of ethylene oxide by Hoon Sik Kim; Jin Yong Bae; Je Seung Lee; Cheong Il Jeong; Dae Ki Choi; Sang Ook Kang; Minserk Cheong (pp. 75-78).
Methyl β-hydroxypropionate (MHP), an intermediate to propane-1,3-diol (PDO) was produced in high yield from the carbomethoxylation of ethylene oxide (EO) using a catalytic system consisting of Co2(CO)8 and ZnX2L2 (1: L=pyridine;2: L=phosphine; X=Cl, Br, I). The carbomethoxylation was greatly influenced by the variation of temperature and CO pressure. The increase of temperature increased the EO conversion, but decreased the selectivity to MHP. On the contrary, both the yield and the selectivity of MHP increased with increasing CO pressure. FT-IR spectroscopic studies show that Co2(CO)8 interacts with (C5H5N)2ZnBr2, affording a new ionic cobalt carbonyl species.
Keywords: Methyl β-hydroxypropionate; Propane-1,3-diol; Carbomethoxylation; Ethylene oxide
Efficient allylic oxidation of cyclohexene catalyzed by immobilized Schiff base complex using peroxides as oxidants by Sanghamitra Mukherjee; Sujit Samanta; Bidhan Chandra Roy; Asim Bhaumik (pp. 79-88).
Allylic oxidation of cyclohexene was carried out over a Schiff base copper complex and its immobilized analogue supported on organically modified silica. The immobilized complex has been characterized by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), FT-IR, EPR and UV–vis spectroscopic studies and SEM image analysis. The catalytic oxidation of cyclohexene was carried out over this copper complex and the immobilized analog with different oxidants like dilute aqueous hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide at ambient conditions. Acetonitrile and water was used as solvent and dispersion medium, respectively, with or without additional acid in different sets of oxidation reactions. 2-Cyclohexen-1-one was obtained as the major product with small amounts of cyclohexene oxide, 2-cyclohexen-1-ol and 1,2-cyclohexane-diol. The activity of the immobilized catalyst remains nearly the same after two cycles, suggesting the true heterogeneous nature of the catalyst.
Keywords: Allylic oxidation; Copper-complex; Cyclohexene oxidation; Immobilization; Peroxides; Schiff base
CO oxidation over CeO2-promoted Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalyst: Effect of preparation method by Ching-Yeh Shiau; M.W. Ma; C.S. Chuang (pp. 89-95).
The effect of preparation method on the properties of CeO2-promoted Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalysts for CO oxidation was investigated. The effect of water vapor addition on the catalyst activities was also studied. Experimental results show that copper catalyst activity highly depends on the preparation method. The superior activity of the catalyst can be attributed to the existence of highly dispersed copper oxide species, which strongly interact with the ceria. Addition of water vapor into the feed stream decreases the catalyst activity. The resistance of the catalysts to this deactivation is also highly dependent on the preparation method as well as on the calcination temperature.
Keywords: Copper catalyst; Ceria; Electroless plating; Impregnation
Methylcyclohexane transformation over dealuminated HBEA samples: Mechanisms and active sites by J.P. Marques; I. Gener; J.M. Lopes; F. Ramôa Ribeiro; M. Guisnet (pp. 96-105).
Methylcyclohexane transformation was carried out at 450°C over HBEA samples resulting from dealumination of the same parent HBEA zeolite by three different methods: steaming, treatment with aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid or ammonium hexafluorosilicate. With all the samples, methane, C2–C4 and C7 alkenes, isomers and toluene appear as primary products, the other products C2–C4 alkanes, C5 and C6 alkenes and alkanes, benzene, xylenes and trimethylbenzenes being secondarily formed. These products were shown to result from two mechanisms: carbenium ion chain, protolytic cracking and dehydrogenation. The activities of all the HBEA samples for each of the processes were estimated. A linear correlation was found between the activity of the samples for the carbenium ion chain process and the square of the concentration of protonic sites, which suggests a demanding process. Furthermore a close similarity could be observed between the change of the protolytic activity and Lewis acidity of the HCl treated samples with their Al content. Strong protonic sites resulting from interaction of bridging OH groups with neighbouring Lewis species: structure defects and monomeric extraframework Al species were proposed to be the active sites.
Keywords: BEA zeolite; Dealumination; Methylcyclohexane; Cracking; Mechanisms
Effect of the activation temperature on the state of gold supported on titania: An FT-IR spectroscopic study by Tz. Venkov; K. Fajerwerg; L. Delannoy; Hr. Klimev; K. Hadjiivanov; C. Louis (pp. 106-114).
The effect of the pre-treatment conditions on the evolution of gold species on an Au/TiO2 sample prepared by deposition–precipitation with urea has been followed by FT-IR spectroscopy of adsorbed CO. Gold is in the form of Au3+ species on the as-prepared sample and is not affected by evacuation at ambient temperature. However, the Au3+ species are readily reduced by CO at ambient temperature giving rise immediately to Au+ cations (the corresponding carbonyls displaying a band at 2168cm−1), which are then slowly converted into metallic gold (carbonyl band at around 2106cm−1). The Au3+ species are reduced to metal gold (respective carbonyl bands in the 2135–2100cm−1 region) when a fresh sample is heated at T≥473K. Water was found to affect CO adsorption on metal gold sites only slightly. Oxidation of Au0/TiO2 by oxygen failed to produce cationic gold species. However, metallic gold was oxidized by heating the sample in a NO+O2 mixture even at 573K.
Keywords: Gold; Infrared spectroscopy; Adsorption; Carbon monoxide
Deactivation and regeneration of Pt containing sulfated zirconia and sulfated zirconia by K. Föttinger; E. Halwax; H. Vinek (pp. 115-122).
Active, inactive, coked and resulfated SZ and Pt/SZ samples were investigated by XRD, TG, TPE, TPD and IR measurements. As test reaction conversion of n-heptane at 200°C and atmospheric pressure was chosen. The active catalysts exhibit the pure tetragonal phase, have a sulfate content corresponding to a surface coverage of more than half a monolayer and show Brønsted acidity. It is assumed that the active species consist of pyrosulfate groups, which can oxidize hydrogen (alkanes) to water (and alkenes) by decomposing into sulfate groups and adsorbed SO2.The atmosphere of the first activation step of Pt/SZ does not seem to have any influence on the performance of Pt/SZ. For regeneration an oxidative atmosphere, a temperature of 500°C and reduction in hydrogen at 200°C is necessary to restore the catalytic activity of Pt/SZ completely. If, however, regeneration of Pt/SZ is done in He or N2, a remarkable loss of SO2 was observed and the catalyst became irreversibly inactive. The sulfur species, which are more weakly bonded to the surface after a reductive step are evolved at lower temperatures (between 300 and 600°C) in an inert gas atmosphere. This species are essential for catalytic activity, whereas the sulfate groups, which are removed at temperatures higher than 600°C, are inactive for n-alkane conversion.The inactive SZ and Pt/SZ samples exhibit the tetragonal and monoclinic structure, have lost approximately 40% of their sulfate groups and possessed only Lewis acid sites. If an inactive Pt/SZ sample was resulfated Brønsted acidity was regenerated and the sample was active, however to a lesser extent than a fresh catalyst.The changes occurring during coking did not affect the textural properties; no changes of the crystal structure were detected by XRD. Almost all coking was observed in the first minutes of reaction. Regeneration in air reestablished the activity whereas regeneration in an inert atmosphere led to a loss of sulfate groups and therefore to inactivity.
Keywords: Pt; Sulfated zirconia; Active; Inactive; Resulfated
Catalytic synthesis of carbon nanofibers with different graphene plane alignments using Ni deposited on iron pillared clays by Antonio de Lucas; Prado B. García; Agustín Garrido; Amaya Romero; J.L. Valverde (pp. 123-132).
The present study confirmed that crystalline nanofibers with controlled structure may be prepared at different reaction temperatures over Ni deposited on Fe pillared clays. It was found a large catalytic effect over the growth of carbon nanofibers at temperatures between 450 and 650°C. TEM pictures revealed different types of CNFs as a function of the reaction temperature: platelet type structures at 450°C, both platelet and fishbone type structures at 550°C, and tubular type structures that started to be produced at temperatures above 600°C. CNFs associated with a reaction temperature of 650°C were characterized by a very broad diameter distribution; some CNFs had diameters much higher than the freshly reduced metal crystallites. The arrangement of graphite sheets shifted from a situation where a large fraction of the edge sites would be available for gas adsorption to other in which a minor fraction of these sites were available. As a consequence, the CNFs surface area tended to decrease in increasing the reaction temperature. Finally, some improvement of stacking and removal of defects were achieved by raising the reaction temperature.
Keywords: Carbon nanofiber; Chemical vapor deposition; Nickel; Pillared clays; Reaction temperature
Acylation of alcohols and activated aromatic compounds on silica embedded-triflate catalysts by A.N. Pârvulescu; B.C. Gagea; G. Poncelet; V.I. Pârvulescu (pp. 133-137).
A series of triflate derivatives (La(OTf)3, tert-butyl-dimethyl-silyltrifluoromethane-sulfonate (BDMST) and triflic acid (HOTf)) embedded in a silica matrix were used as heterogeneous catalysts for the acylation of alcohols and activated aromatic compounds. Acylation of saturated alcohols and cyclohexanol resulted in O-acylated products. The acylation of the aromatic compounds was dependent on temperature and substituents. At low temperatures, for phenols and naphtols, acylation occurred mainly to O-acylated. Under these conditions, the presence of catalysts only enhanced the reaction rate. The increase of the temperature above 150°C also led to C-acylation. For anisole and 1-methoxynaphtalene, acylation occurred at the aromatic ring even at low temperatures.
Keywords: La(OTf); 3; tert; -butyl-dimethyl-silyltrifluoromethane-sulfonate; Triflic acid; Acylation of alcohols; Phenols; Naphtols; Anisol; 1-Methoxynaphtalene
Novel synthesis route for egg-shell, egg-white and egg-yolk type of cobalt on silica catalysts by Y.Q. Zhuang; M. Claeys; E. van Steen (pp. 138-142).
A novel method for the preparation of egg-shell, egg-white and egg-yolk type of catalysts was developed. The synthesis procedure utilizes the hydrophobic nature of silica. Egg-shell catalysts with a sharp boundary can be prepared by covering the inside of the pellet with a defined amount of n-undecane prior to the impregnation procedure. A partial coverage of silica pellets with a hydrocarbon, n-undecane, protects that part of the pellet yielding an egg-shell type of catalyst. Egg-yolk type of catalysts can be prepared by leaching the shell of a homogeneously impregnated, reduced catalyst with nitric acid followed by neutralisation. Egg-white type of catalysts can be prepared by selective leaching of a reduced, egg-shell catalyst.
Keywords: Cobalt; Silica; Structured catalysts; Egg-shell catalyst; Egg-white catalyst; Egg-yolk catalyst
Erratum to “Oxidation of alcohols and sugars using Au/C catalysts. Part 2. Sugars� [Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 291 (2005) 204–209]
by Massimiliano Comotti; Cristina Della Pina; Roberto Matarrese; Michele Rossi; Attilio Siani (pp. 143-143).