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Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (v.63, #14-15)
Hybrid nanostructures for diagnostics and therapeutics
by D. Bahadur (Theme Editor); Vinayak P. Dravid (Theme Editor) (pp. 1227-1227).
The effects of polymeric nanostructure shape on drug delivery by Shrinivas Venkataraman; James L. Hedrick; Zhan Yuin Ong; Chuan Yang; Pui Lai Rachel Ee; Paula T. Hammond; Yi Yan Yang (pp. 1228-1246).
Amphiphilic polymeric nanostructures have long been well-recognized as an excellent candidate for drug delivery applications. With the recent advances in the “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches, development of well-defined polymeric nanostructures of different shapes has been possible. Such a possibility of tailoring the shape of the nanostructures has allowed for the fabrication of model systems with chemically equivalent but topologically different carriers. With these model nanostructures, evaluation of the importance of particle shape in the context of biodistribution, cellular uptake and toxicity has become a major thrust area. Since most of the current polymeric delivery systems are based upon spherical nanostructures, understanding the implications of other shapes will allow for the development of next generation drug delivery vehicles. Herein we will review different approaches to fabricate polymeric nanostructures of various shapes, provide a comprehensive summary on the current understandings of the influence of nanostructures with different shapes on important biological processes in drug delivery, and discuss future perspectives for the development of nanostructures with well-defined shapes for drug delivery.Display Omitted
Keywords: Drug delivery; Polymeric nanostructure; Shape control; Shape effect; Microfabrication; Self-assembly; Micelles; Elongated micelles; Worm-like micelles; Vesicles; Dendrimers; Biodistribution; Cellular uptake; Cytotoxicity
Adaptive micro and nanoparticles: Temporal control over carrier properties to facilitate drug delivery by Jin-Wook Yoo; Nishit Doshi; Samir Mitragotri (pp. 1247-1256).
Recent studies have led to significant advances in understanding the impact of key drug carrier properties such as size, surface chemistry and shape on their performance. Converting this knowledge into improved therapeutic outcomes, however, has proved challenging. This owes to the fact that successful drug delivery carriers have to navigate through multiple physiological hurdles including reticuloendothelial system (RES) clearance, target accumulation, intracellular uptake and endosomal escape. Each of these processes may require unique, and often conflicting, design parameters, thus making it difficult to choose a design that addresses all these hurdles. This challenge can be addressed by designing carriers whose properties can be changed in time so as to successfully navigate them through various biological hurdles. Several carriers have been reported that implement this strategy. This review will discuss the current status and future prospects of this emerging field of “adaptive micro and nanoparticles”.Display Omitted
Keywords: Nanotechnology; Drug delivery; Design parameters; Shape; Size; Flexibility; Dynamic
Photoresponsive hydrogels for biomedical applications by Itsuro Tomatsu; Ke Peng; Alexander Kros (pp. 1257-1266).
Hydrogels are soft materials composed of a three-dimensional network which contain a high percentage of water similar to body tissue and are therefore regarded as a biocompatible material. Hydrogels have various potential applications in the biomedical field such as drug delivery and as scaffold for tissue engineering. Control over the physical properties of a hydrogel by an external stimulus is highly desirable and is therefore actively studied. Light is a particularly interesting stimulus to manipulate the properties of a hydrogel as it is a remote stimulus that can be controlled spatially and temporally with great ease and convenience. Therefore in recent years photoresponsive hydrogels have been investigated as an emerging biomaterial. Here we will review recent developments and discuss these new materials, and their applications in the biomedical field.Display Omitted
Keywords: Hydrogel; Photoresponsiveness; Drug release; Cell-culturing
Oxide and hybrid nanostructures for therapeutic applications by Sudeshna Chandra; K.C. Barick; D. Bahadur (pp. 1267-1281).
The research on biomedical applications of nanoparticles has seen an upsurge in recent years due to their unique capabilities in treatment of ailments. Though there are ample reviews on the advances of nanoparticles right from their fabrication to applications, comparatively fewer reviews are available for the nanostructured materials particularly on oxides and hybrids. These materials possess unique physicochemical properties with an ability to get functionalized at molecular and cellular level for biochemical interactions. Keeping the enormosity of the nanostructures in mind, we intend to cover only the recent and most noteworthy developments in this area. We, particularly emphasize on iron oxide and its derivatives, zinc oxides, layered double hydroxides, silica and binary/ternary metal oxides and their applications in the area of therapeutics. This review also focuses on the designing of biodegradable and biocompatible nanocarriers and critical issues related to their therapeutic applications. Several representative examples discuss targeting strategies and stimuli responsive nanocarriers and their therapeutics.Display Omitted
Keywords: Nanostructures; Hybrid; Stabilizers; Cancer therapy
Hybrid magnetic nanostructures (MNS) for magnetic resonance imaging applications by Mrinmoy De; Stanley S. Chou; Hrushikesh M. Joshi; Vinayak P. Dravid (pp. 1282-1299).
The development of MRI contrast agents has experienced its version of the gilded age over the past decade, thanks largely to the rapid advances in nanotechnology. In addition to progress in single mode contrast agents, which ushered in unprecedented R1 or R2 sensitivities, there has also been a boon in the development of agents covering more than one mode of detection. These include T1–PET, T2–PET T1–optical, T2–optical, T1–T2 agents and many others. In this review, we describe four areas which we feel have experienced particular growth due to nanotechnology, specifically T2 magnetic nanostructure development, T1/T2–optical dual mode agents, and most recently the T1–T2 hybrid imaging systems. In each of these systems, we describe applications including in vitro, in vivo usage and assay development. In all, while the benefits and drawbacks of most MRI contrast agents depend on the application at hand, the recent development in multimodal nanohybrids may curtail the shortcomings of single mode agents in diagnostic and clinical settings by synergistically incorporating functionality. It is hoped that as nanotechnology advances over the next decade, it will produce agents with increased diagnostics and assay relevant capabilities in streamlined packages that can meaningfully improve patient care and prognostics. In this review article, we focus on T2 materials, its surface functionalization and coupling with optical and/or T1 agents.Display Omitted
Keywords: MRI; Iron oxide nanoparticle; MRI contrast agent; Gadolinium; Hybrid MRI
Magnetically enhanced nucleic acid delivery. Ten years of magnetofection—Progress and prospects by Christian Plank; Olivier Zelphati; Olga Mykhaylyk (pp. 1300-1331).
Nucleic acids carry the building plans of living systems. As such, they can be exploited to make cells produce a desired protein, or to shut down the expression of endogenous genes or even to repair defective genes. Hence, nucleic acids are unique substances for research and therapy. To exploit their potential, they need to be delivered into cells which can be a challenging task in many respects. During the last decade, nanomagnetic methods for delivering and targeting nucleic acids have been developed, methods which are often referred to as magnetofection. In this review we summarize the progress and achievements in this field of research. We discuss magnetic formulations of vectors for nucleic acid delivery and their characterization, mechanisms of magnetofection, and the application of magnetofection in viral and nonviral nucleic acid delivery in cell culture and in animal models. We summarize results that have been obtained with using magnetofection in basic research and in preclinical animal models. Finally, we describe some of our recent work and end with some conclusions and perspectives.Display Omitted
Keywords: Magnetofection; Magnetic nanoparticles; Gene therapy; Gene delivery; Nucleic acid therapy; Nucleic acid delivery; Magnetic targeting; Magnetic drug targeting
A new family of folate-decorated and carbon nanotube-mediated drug delivery system: Synthesis and drug delivery response by H. Huang; Q. Yuan; J.S. Shah; R.D.K. Misra (pp. 1332-1339).
We describe here a new family of folate-decorated and carbon nanotube (CNT)-mediated drug delivery system that involves uniquely combining carbon nanotubes with anticancer drug (doxorubicin) for controlled drug release, which is gaining significant attention. The synthesis of nanocarrier involved attachment of doxorubicin (DOX) to CNT surface via π–π stacking interaction, followed by encapsulation of CNTs with folic acid-conjugated chitosan. The π–π stacking interaction, ascribed as a non-covalent type of functionalization, allows controlled release of drug. Furthermore, encapsulation of CNTs enhances the stability of the nanocarrier in aqueous medium because of the hydrophilicity and cationic charge of chitosan. The unique integration of drug targeting and visualization has high potential to address the current challenges in cancer therapy. Thus, it is attractive to consider the possibility of investigating a drug delivery system that combines the biodegradable chitosan and carbon nanotubes (CNTs).Display Omitted
Keywords: Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT); Chitosan; Folic acid; Controlled drug release
Polymeric nanohybrids and functionalized carbon nanotubes as drug delivery carriers for cancer therapy by Satya Prakash; Meenakshi Malhotra; Wei Shao; Catherine Tomaro-Duchesneau; Sana Abbasi (pp. 1340-1351).
The scope of nanotechnology to develop target specific carriers to achieve higher therapeutic efficacy is gaining importance in the pharmaceutical and other industries. Specifically, the emergence of nanohybrid materials is posed to edge over chemotherapy and radiation therapy as cancer therapeutics. This is primarily because nanohybrid materials engage controlled production parameters in the making of engineered particles with specific size, shape, and other essential properties. It is widely expressed that these materials will significantly contribute to the next generation of medical care technology and pharmaceuticals in areas of disease diagnosis, disease prevention and many other treatment procedures. This review focuses on the currently used nanohybrid materials, polymeric nanoparticles and nanotubes, which show great potential as effective drug delivery systems for cancer therapy, as they can be grafted with cell-specific receptors and intracellular targeting molecules for the targeted delivery of therapeutics. Specifically, this article focuses on the current status, recent advancements, potentials and limitations of polymeric nanohybrids and functionalized carbon nanotubes as drug delivery carriers.Display Omitted
Keywords: Nanohybrids; Polymeric nanoparticles; Carbon nanotubes; Drug delivery; Microcapsule; Cancer therapy
Graphene-based hybrid materials and devices for biosensing by Mayra S. Artiles; Chandra Sekhar Rout; Timothy S. Fisher https://engineering.purdue.edu/NTRG/ (pp. 1352-1360).
Graphene's unique properties have made it a popular candidate for nanomaterial based biosensors. Its remarkable characteristics have led to its rapid development in the electrochemical biosensing, field effect transistors, and optical biosensing as well as the creation graphene-metal nanoparticle hybrids for improved performance. This article comprehensively reviews the most recent trends in graphene-based biosensors and attempts to identify the future directions in which the field is likely to thrive.Display Omitted
Keywords: Graphene; Carbon nanomaterials; Biosensing; Metal nanoparticles; Biocompatibility; Electrochemical sensing; Field effect transistor biosensors; Optical biosensing
Aptamer-conjugated nanomaterials and their applications by Liu Yang; Xiaobing Zhang; Mao Ye; Jianhui Jiang; Ronghua Yang; Ting Fu; Yan Chen; Kemin Wang; Chen Liu; Weihong Tan (pp. 1361-1370).
The combination of aptamers with novel nanomaterials, including nanomaterial-based aptamer bioconjugates has attracted considerable interest and has led to a wide variety of applications. In this review, we discuss how a variety of nanomaterials, including gold, silica and magnetic nanoparticles, as well as carbon nanotubes, hydrogels, liposomes and micelles, have been used to functionalize aptamers for a variety of applications. These aptamer functionalized materials have led to advances in amplified biosensing, cancer cell-specific recognition, high-efficiency separation, and targeted drug delivery.Display Omitted
Keywords: Aptamers; Nanomaterials; Biosensors; Drug delivery
Erratum to “Mechanisms of drug release from cyclodextrin complexes” [Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 36 (1999) 3–16]
by Valentino J. Stella; Venkatramana M. Rao; Erika A. Zannou; Vahid Zia (pp. 1371-1371).