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Antiviral Research (v.86, #1)

Identification and Characterization of a Hepatitis C Virus Capsid Assembly Inhibitor by Juliane Gentzsch; Clarence R. Hurt; Vishwanath R. Lingappa; Thomas Pietschmann (pp. a20).

Rational Drug Design—Screening and Synthesis of Potential Deoxyhypusine Synthase Inhibitors Targeting HIV-1 Replication by Marcus Schroeder; Adrian Kolodzik; Bjoern Windshuegel; Marcel Krepstakies; Poornima Priyadarshini; Matthias Rarey; Joachim Hauber; Chris Meier (pp. a67).

Overlap in Virus Specificity Leads to the Discovery of Small Molecules Active Against Rabies Virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Monkey Pox Virus by Vishwanath R. Lingappa; Usha Lingappa; Eva Borst; Jacqueline Pajda; Ian Brown; Scott Long; Bhadresh Rami; Aysegul Nalca; W. Ian Lipkin; Charles Rupprecht; Martin Messerle; Clarence R. Hurt; William Hansen (pp. a60-a61).

CYSTUS052, a Polyphenol Rich Plant Extract, Exerts Potent Antiviral Activity Against Influenza- and Rhinoviruses by Preventing Viral Attachment to Host Cells by Christina Erhardt; Eike Hrincius; Anne Poetter; Karoline Droebner; Oliver Planz; Stephan Ludwig (pp. a33-a34).

The Twenty-Third International Conference on Antiviral Research (pp. a1-a18).

In Vitro Combination Studies of ANA598 with Anti-HCV Agents Demonstrate Enhanced Anti-viral Activity by Rupal Patel; Peggy Thompson; Richard Showalter; James Appleman (pp. a41-a42).

Pro-drugs of Strand Transfer Inhibitors of HIV-1 Integrase: Inhibition Data, Structure–Activity Analysis and Anti-HIV Activity by Vasu Nair; Byung Seo; Malik Nishonov; Maurice Okello; Sanjay Mishra (pp. a40).

No Title (pp. a34).

Enhanced Efficacy Using Combinations of CMX001 with Acyclovir Against Herpes Simplex Virus Infections In Vitro and In Mice by Debra Quenelle; Mark Prichard; Caroll Hartline; Emma Harden; Deborah Collins; Terri Rice; Randall Lanier; Earl Kern (pp. a65).

Metal Complexes of Macrocyclic Polyamines Targeting the Cellular HIV Co-receptors, CXCR4 and CCR5 by Sunil Hamal; Dana Huskens; Dominique Schols; Thomas Bell (pp. a55-a56).

Identification of Antiviral Activity of Koe Ken Tang Against Influenza Virus by MingSian Wu; ChiChun Chen; JimTong Horng (pp. a49).

Efficacy of N-methanocarbathymidine Against Herpes Simplex Virus is Cell Cycle Dependent by Kathy Keith; Emma Harden; Rachel Gill; Victor Marquez; Earl Kern; Mark Prichard (pp. a58).

In Vivo Efficacy of Twice Daily Oral Treatment with N-MCT Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in Balb/C Mice by Debra Quenelle; Robert Glazer; Aquilur Rahman; Deborah Collins; Terri Rice (pp. a65).

Stereospecific Phosphorylation of Cyclopropavir by pUL97 and Inhibition by Maribavir by Brian G. Gentry; Jeremy P. Kamil; Donald M. Coen; Jiri Zemlicka; John C. Drach (pp. a54-a55).

Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of 3-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)furo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-2(3 H)-ones by Zlatko Janeba; Antonín Holý; Robert Snoeck; Graciela Andrei; Erik De Clercq; Jan Balzarini (pp. a57).

Selection of Clinically-relevant Protease Inhibitor Resistant Viruses using the HCV Infection System by Guofeng Cheng; Katie Chan; Huiling Yang; Amy Corsa; Maria Pokrovskii; Matthew Paulson; Margaret Robinson; Gina Bahador; Weidong Zhong; William Delaney (pp. a19).

In Vitro Combination of ANA598 with Other Anti-HCV Agents can Eliminate the Emergence of Resistant Colonies by Peggy Thompson; Richard Showalter; Rupal Patel; James Appleman (pp. a48).

Synthesis of Novel CADA Analog Prodrugs Designed as Down-Modulators of the CD4 Receptor by Emily Scarbrough; Kurt Vermeire; Dominique Schols; Thomas Bell (pp. a67).

γ-Carboline Derivatives as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Replication by Masanori Baba; Mohammed Salim; Mika Okamoto; Hiroshi Aoyama; Yuichi Hashimoto; Yutaka Takebe; Jan Paeshuyse; Johan Neyts (pp. a29).

Activity of Isatine-sulphadimidine Derivatives Against 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus in Cell Culture by Periyasamy Selvam; Markandavel Chandramohan; Brett L. Hurst; Donald F. Smee (pp. a45).

Evaluations of Combinations of CMX001 and Ganciclovir Against Cytomegalovirus Infections Using Real Time PCR by Mark Prichard; Caroll Hartline; Randall Lanier; Earl Kern (pp. a64-a65).

Synthesis of a Series of 2′-Modified Tricyclic Nucleosides as Potential HCV Agents by Matthew Tomney; Brent Korba; Sarah Zimmermann; Katherine Seley-Radtke (pp. a68).

D- carba-dT as a Promising New Antiviral Compounds? by Chris Meier; Bastian Reichardt; Warnecke Svenja; Miriam Mahler; Stephen Hughes; Paul Boyer (pp. a62).

The NF-κB-Inhibitor SC75741 Efficiently Blocks Influenza Virus Propagation by Retention of the Viral RNP Complexes in the Nucleus without the Tendency to Induce Resistant Virus Variants by Christina Erhardt; Andrea Rückle; Karoline Droebner; Eike Hrincius; Oliver Planz; Stephan Ludwig (pp. a25).

Lectins and T-20, but not Neutralizing Antibodies, Inhibit HIV-1 Env-mediated Syncytium Formation between Clone69t1RevEnv and Supt1 Cells Monitored by Fluorescence Microscopy by Nejat Düzgüneş; Michael Yee; Jan Balzarini; Krystyna Konopka (pp. a33).

Viprolaxikine, a Novel Cytokine-like Protein from Insect Cell Cultures can Reduce Dengue-2 Virus Titres in Mammalian Cells by Chaowanee Laosutthipong; Timothy Flegel (pp. a36-a37).

Trypsin Digestion of Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Polymerase Exposes a Hinge at the Active Site by Karen Rigat; Yi Wang; Thomas W. Hudyma; Min Ding; Xiaofan Zheng; Robert G. Gentles; Brett R. Beno; Min Gao; Susan B. Roberts (pp. a43-a44).

Inhibition of Hepatitis C Virus Replication by Semisynthetic Derivatives of Glycopeptide Antibiotics by Susan Obeid; Maria N. Preobrazhenskaya; Leen Delang; Svetlana S. Printsevskaya; Eugenia N. Olsufyeva; Svetlana E. Solovieva; Jan Balzarini; Alfons Van Lommel; Johan Neyts; Jan Paeshuyse (pp. a40-a41).

In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy of Combinational Therapy with Favipiravir (T-705) and Oseltamivir Against Influenza A/CA/04/09 Pandemic H1N1 Virus by Dale Barnard; Yousuke Furuta; Klaus Klummp; Donald Smee; John Morrey; Bart Tarbet (pp. a26).

Development and In Vitro Evaluation of Gel-formulated Saquinavir as Vaginal Microbicide: Anti-HIV-1 Activity and Pharmaceutical Availability in Biorelevant Media by Kurt Vermeire; Joachim Brouwers; Patrick Augustijns; Dominique Schols (pp. a48-a49).

Inhibition of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication in a Lethal SARS-Cov Balb/C Mouse Model by Stinging Nettle Lectin, Urtica Dioica Agglutinin (UDA) by Yohichi Kumaki; Miles K. Wandersee; Kevin W. Bailey; Aaron J. Smith; Craig W. Day; Jason R. Madson; Donald F. Smee; Dale L. Barnard (pp. a36).

Effect of Acridonoacetic Acid on Production of IL-6 in Influenza-infected Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes by Alexander Slita; Marina Stukova; Vladimir Zarubaev (pp. a47).

Oseltamivir Protection of Oxidative Damages in Mice Experimentally Infected by Influenza Virus by Milka Mileva; Angel S. Galabov (pp. a39).

Synergistic Inhibition of Influenza a Virus Replication by a Bacterial Protease Inhibitor and a Plant Preparation by Julia Serkedjieva; Michele Dalgalarrondo; Iskra Ivanova (pp. a46).

Oral Pharmacokinetics of hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(R)-[2-(Phosphono-methoxy)propyl]guanine (HDP-(R)-PMPG) in Mice using LC/MS/MS by Kathy A. Aldern; Julissa Trahan; James R. Beadle; Yongxuan Su; Karl Y. Hostetler (pp. a51).

N, N′-Bis(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)benzene-1,2-diamine Targets the HIV-1 Retroviral Nucleocapsid Zinc Fingers by Christophe Pannecouque; Beata Szafarowicz; Natalia Volkova; Vasiliy Bakulev; Wim Dehaen; Yves Mély; Dirk Daelemans (pp. a41).

Maporal Hantavirus ββ-Integrin Utilization and Sensitivity to Favipiravir by Kristin Buys; Kie-Hoon Jung; Yousuke Furuta; Brian Gowen (pp. a30).

Breaking Tolerance with CLDC-HBsAg in HBV Transgenic Mice by John D. Morrey; Jeff Fairman; Stella Chang; Neil E. Motter (pp. a39-a40).

Liver Biopsy Tissue—Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Viral Load is the only Gold Standard Diagnostic Assay in Inactive Viral Hepatitis Patients by P. Selvam; M. Chandramohan; S.C. Vivekananthan; D. Sivakumar; M. Suresh; P.K. Rath (pp. a44).

Addition Antiflogistic to Viral Inhibitor by G. Danilenko; S. Rybalko; T. Bukhtiarova; V. Danilenko; S. Guzhova; V. Lozitsky (pp. a53).

The Susceptibility of Isolates of Pandemic 2009 H1N1 Influenza A Virus to Russian Domestic Antivirals by Irina Leneva; Alesya Romanovskaya; Elena Burtseva; Mike Eropkin; Alexander Shestopalov (pp. a37).

Evidence for Host Drug Targets Essential for Dengue Virus Capsid Formation by Marissa Baker-Wagner; Nicole Wolcott; Yoko Marwidi; Shao Feng Yu; Debendranath Dey; Bruce Onisko; Katie Barlow; Shalini Potluri; Christine Sahlman; Alfredo Calayag; Vishwanath R. Lingappa; Pamela Glass; Michael Farmer; Clarence R. Hurt; William Hansen (pp. a24).

Editorial Board (pp. ii).

In Vitro Investigation of Cytotoxic Action of Hemocyanins on Cell Cultures by N. Nesterova; P. Dolashka-Angelova; S. Zagorodnya; V. Moshtanska; G. Baranova; A. Golovan; A. Kurova (pp. a63).

Antiviral Activity of Attachment Inhibitor Against the Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus by S. Rak; O. Pyankova; A. Chinarev; A. Tuzikov; N. Bovin; A. Agafonov; O. Demina; A. Ryzhikov (pp. a42-a43).

Orally Bioavailable Anti-HBV Dinucleotide Acyloxyalkyl Prodrugs by Radhakrishnan Iyer; John Coughlin; Cassandra Kirk; Seetharamaiyer Padmanabhan; Brent Korba; Kathleen O’Loughlin; Carol Green; Jon Mirsalis; John Morrey (pp. a35).

An Adenosine Nucleoside Inhibitor of Dengue Virus by Wouter Schul; Yen-Liang Chen; Zheng Yin; Thomas Keller; Pei-Yong Shi (pp. a24-a25).

QSAR Analysis of Poliovirus Inhibition By Dual Combinations of Antivirals by Eugene N. Muratov; Ekaterina V. Varlamova; Victor E. Kuz’min; Anatoly G. Artemenko; Lubomira Nikolaeva-Glomb; Angel S. Galabov (pp. a62).

A Single Intramuscular Injection of Peramivir Demonstrates Anti-influenza Activity Against Recently Isolated Pandemic Flu Virus H1N1 (A/CA/04/2009) by Shanta Bantia; Debra Kellogg; Cynthia Parker; Ramanda Upshaw; Natalia Ilyushina; Mark Prichard; Y.S. Babu (pp. a29-a30).

No Title (pp. a53).

Bound Structure and Biochemical Mechanism of Action of BI 201335, a Potent, Non-covalent Inhibitor of HCV NS3-NS4A Protease by Christopher T. Lemke; Songping Zhao; Nathalie Goudreau; Oliver Hucke; Diane Thibeault; Montse Llinàs-Brunet; Peter W. White (pp. a20-a21).

Enterovirus 3C Proteases: Structure-based Discovery of Inhibitors by Rolf Hilgenfeld (pp. a27).

Changes in Human Cytomegalovirus Transcriptional Patterns Induced by Antiviral Drugs by Caroll Hartline; Dirk Dittmer; John Drach; Frances Chen; R. Curtis Hendrickson; Elliot Lefkowitz; Mark Prichard (pp. a56).

The Disease Course and Host's Response to Mousepox is Dependent on Inoculation Route by Scott Parker; Mark Buller (pp. a63-a64).

Identification of a N-linked Glycan on HIV-1 gp120 that is Indispensable for Viral Entry by Katrien François; Jan Balzarini (pp. a21).

A Novel Fullerene-Based Antiviral Active Against Herpes Simplex Virus In Vitro and In Vivo by Vladimir Zarubaev; Alexander Slita; Lev Rasnetsov; Pavel Anfimov (pp. a70).

A Chimeric Guinea Pig Cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) Encoding Wild Type or Mutant HCMV UL97 Renders GPCMV Susceptible or Resistant to Ganciclovir while Retaining an Ability to Disseminate in the Animal Host by Alistair McGregor; Jared Leibelt; Catherine Bouska; Mark Schleiss (pp. a23-a24).

The NF-KappaB-Inhibitor SC75741 Efficiently Blocks Influenza Virus Propagation In Vitro and In Vivo Without the Tendency to Induce Resistant Virus Variant by Sarah Reiling; Karoline Droebner; Christina Ehrhardt; Eike Hirinus Hrincius; Stephan Ludwig; Oliver Planz (pp. a43).

First Diastereoselective Synthesis of Pronucleotides by Edwuin Rios Morales; Cristina Arbelo Roman; Jan Balzarini; Chris Meier (pp. a65-a66).

Lipophilic Nucleoside Diphosphate Prodrugs—Synthesis and Properties by Tilmann Schulz; Jan Balzarini; Chris Meier (pp. a67-a68).

Development of Resistance to the Natural HIV-1 Entry Virus Inhibitory Peptide (VIRIP) by Emmanuel Gonzalez; Maria Pau Mena; Mercedes Armand-Ugon; Ester Ballana; Bonaventura Clotet; Jose Esté (pp. a34).

Notes to Authors (pp. co3).

Nucleoside Diphosphate Prodrugs of Antivirally Active Nucleosides by Florian Pertenbreiter; Chris Meier (pp. a64).

Developing Capsid Inhibitor V-073 for Poliovirus by Marc Collett; Jeffrey Hincks (pp. a53).

The Triple Combination Antiviral Drug (TCAD) Regimen of Amantadine, Ribavirin, and Oseltamivir is Highly Efficacious Against Susceptible and Resistant Influenza Virus Strains in Mouse Treatment Models by Matthew Gross; Minh Le; Donald Smee; Dale Barnard; Amy Patick; Jack Nguyen (pp. a25-a26).

Cidofovir: Intratympanic Delivery and Hearing Loss by Jonette Ward; Alisa Reece; Kevin Li; Daniel Choo (pp. a69).

Novel Imino Sugars Potently Inhibit HCV Virion Secretion by Targeting Cellular Endoplasmic Reticulum α-Glucosidases by Xiaowang Qu; Xiaoben Pan; Jessica Weidner; wenquan Yu; Michael Xu; Timothy Block; Ju-Tao Guo; Jinhong Chang (pp. a42).

Production and Characterization of a Highly Infectious Genotype 1b/2a Chimeric Hepatitis C Virus in Cell Culture by Katie Chan; Huiling Yang; Guofeng Cheng; Maria Pokrovskii; Matthew Paulson; Andrew Greenstein; Hongmei Ho; William Delaney (pp. a31).

Anti-influenza Activity of Dihydroquercetin Against Lethal Influenza Virus Infection by Vladimir Zarubaev; Angela Garshinina; Nelly Kalinina; Vadim Anikin; Vasily Babkin; Liudmila Ostroukhova; Oleg Kiselev (pp. a50).

l-β-1-(5-Bromovinyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolanyl) Uracil (l-Bhdu) Prevents Varicella-Zoster Virus Replication in Fibroblasts, Skin Organ Culture, and Scid-Hu Mice with Human Skin Xenografts by Jenny Rowe; Robert D. Arnold; Catherine White; Jessica Toli; Chung K. Chu; Jennifer Moffat (pp. a66).

Structure–Activity Relationships ofd- andL-analogs of Maribavir and 1-Beta-d-ribofuranosyl-2-bromo-5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole (bdcrb) Against Human Herpesvirus 6 by Samuel Frederick; Shannon Daily; Kathy Borysko; Leroy Townsend; John Drach; Mark Prichard (pp. a54).

Efficient Synthesis and Biological Properties of Base Substituted 2,4-Diamino-6-( R)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propoxy]pyrimidine (HPMPO-DAPy) by Petra Břehová; Martin Dračínský; Antonín Holý (pp. a52).

Activity of a Novel Fullerene-based Antiviral Against Influenza Virus Infection In Vitro and In Vivo by Vladimir Zarubaev; Pavel Anfimov; Anna Shtro; Lev Rasnetsov; Oleg Kiselev (pp. a50-a51).

Discovery of Novel Small Molecule Inhibitors of Multiple Influenza Strains in Cell Culture by Benjamin Petsch; Clarence R. Hurt; Beverly Freeman; Elisabeth Zirdum; Anupama Ganesh; Alexandra Schörg; Anatoliy Kitaygorodskyy; Yoko Marwidi; Olivier Ducoudret; Colm Kelleher; William Hansen; Vishwanath R. Lingappa; Christian Essrich; Lothar Stitz (pp. a42).

In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of the Novel Anti-cytomegalovirus Compound AIC246 by Peter Lischka; Guy Hewlett; Tobias Wunberg; Judith Baumeister; Daniela Paulsen; Thomas Goldner; Helga Ruebsamen-Schaeff; Holger Zimmermann (pp. a23).

Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of Adamantyl Modified Nucleoside Phosphonates: Analogs of Cidofovir by Yuri Klimochkin; Alexander Reznikov; Michael Skomorokhov; Eugene Golovin (pp. a58-a59).

The Influence of Combined Application of Interferon Inducers with Proteolysis Inhibitor on the Endogenic Interferon Level by M. Kozlovsky; V. Lozitsky; I. Lozynsky; L. Benzel (pp. a59).

Small Molecule Inhibitors of Dengue Virus Replication are Active In Vivo by Chelsea Byrd; Chris Harver; Kara Cardwell; Doug Grosenbach; Aklile Berhanu; Dongcheng Dai; Dennis Hruby; Robert Jordan (pp. a30-a31).

Anti-influenza Action of Multinutrient Functional Peptide Complex (MFPC) Grinization^® by V. Lozitsky; I. Gomolyako; S. Pozdnyakov; A. Fedchuk; T. Gridina; L. Socheslo; V. Pushkina; N. Klochkova; V. Shestakov (pp. a38).

Evaluation of the Contribution of Amantadine, Ribavirin, and Oseltamivir in a Triple Combination Antiviral Drug (TCAD) Regimen to Suppressing the Emergence of Resistance using a Novel Quantitative Approach by Justin Hoopes; Minh Le; Elizabeth Driebe; Erin Kelley; David Engelthaler; Amy Patick; Jack Nguyen (pp. a34-a35).

Combination of Peramivir and Rimantadine Demonstrate Synergistic Interaction in Influenza a Mouse Model by Shanta Bantia; Debra Kellogg; Cynthia Parker; YuHong Luo; Y.S. Babu (pp. a29).

Protein–Protein Interactions Occurring During HIV Capsid Assembly in a Cell-free Protein Synthesizing System by Kiel Copeland; William Hansen; Vinod Asundi; Shi Hong; James Chamberlin; Debendranath Dey; Sean Broce; Harold Himmel; Caleb Decloutte; Salvin Ram; Imke Steffen; Stefan Pöhlmann; Jaisri R. Lingappa; Clarence R. Hurt; Vishwanath R. Lingappa (pp. a22).

Immunosafety Assessment of CD4 MAB-based Bifunctional HIV Entry Inhibitor (CD4-BFFI) using In Vitro Immunoassays by Ford Kirschenbaum; Sandhya Bohini; Harald Kropshofer; Nick Cammack; Surya Sankuratri; Changhua Ji (pp. a36).

Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of Alkoxyalkyl Esters of ( R)-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-Nucleosides by Jacqueline C. Ruiz; Kathy A. Aldern; Julissa Trahan; James R. Beadle; Karl Y. Hostetler (pp. a66).

Full Author Index – Abstract Number (Bold number signifies first author) (pp. a71-a76).

RNA Polymerase Fidelity Variants of the Picornaviruses Uncover A Novel, Indirect RNA Mutagenic Activity for Amiloride Compounds by Laura Levi; Nina Gnädig; Stéphanie Beaucourt; Marco Vignuzzi (pp. a60).

Studies of HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitory Activity of Wrightia tinctoria by Periyasamy Selvam; Kasthuraiah Maddali; Yves Pommier (pp. a28).

Is the Large T Antigen a Target for the Inhibition of SV40 Replication? by Dimitri Topalis; Ilya Lebeau; Pierre Fiten; Ghislain Opdenakker; Graciela Andrei; Robert Snoeck (pp. a27-a28).

Antiviral Action of Artificial Ribonucleases against Avian & Human Influenza Viruses by V. Lozitsky; A. Fedchuk; T. Grydina; L. Korolyeva; V. Sil’nikov; L. Socheslo (pp. a38).

Combating Drug-resistant Influenza Viruses with Novel Green Tea Catechin Derivatives by Kunihiro Kaihatsu; Hiroyo Matsumura; Shuichi Mori; Chiharu Kawakami; Hideshi Kurata; Nobuo Kato (pp. a57-a58).

Synthesis, Antiviral and Cytotoxicactivities of 2-Phenyl, 3-Substituted Quinazolin-4(3H)-Ones by Periyasamy Selvam; Narayanan Murugesh; Markandavel Chandramohan; Christophe Panpannecouque; Erick De Clercq (pp. a68).

The Requirement of HCV NS3 Oligomerization for RNA Helicase Activity is RNA Substrate Dependent by Julie Hang; Yanli Yang; Junjun Gao; Vincent Leveque; Marie Dinh; Mohammad Hekmat-Nejad; George Stepan; Phil Kobel; Klaus Klumpp (pp. a20).

A Novel 9-Arylpurine Acts as a Selective Inhibitor of In Vitro Enterovirus Replication Possibly by Targeting Virus Encapsidation by Hendrik Jan Thibaut; Lonneke van der Linden; Jan Paeshuyse; Armando De Palma; Leire Aguado; Frank Van Kuppeveld; María-Jesús Pérez-Pérez; Johan Neyts (pp. a27).

Triple Combination Antiviral Drug (TCAD) Regimen Composed of Amantadine, Ribavirin, and Oseltamivir Imposes a High Genetic Barrier to the Development of Resistance Against Influenza A Viruses In Vitro by Jack Nguyen; Justin Hoopes; Elizabeth Driebe; Kelly Sheff; David Engelthaler; Minh Le; Amy Patick (pp. a40).

Single-dose Intranasal Delivery with DEF201 (Adenovirus Vectored Mouse Interferon-α) Protects Against Phlebovirus and Sars Coronavirus Challenge by Brian Gowen; Dale Barnard; Min-Hui Wong; Deanna Larson; Josh Wu; Jane Ennis; John Morrey; Jeffery Turner (pp. a34).

Efficacy of 2′-C-Methylcytidine Against Yellow Fever Virus in a Hamster Model of Disease by Justin Julander; Ashok Jha; Jung-Ae Choi; Don Smee; John Morrey; Chung Chu (pp. a35-a36).

Inhibition of Calicivirus Replication in Mammalian Cells by RNAI by Mirko Bergmann; Jacques Rohayem (pp. a53).

Small Molecule Agonists of the RIG-I Pathway and their Potent Antiviral Actions by Kristin Bedard; Nicholas Pointinger; Eric Tarcha; Michael Katze; Michael Gale Jr.; Shawn Iadonato (pp. a25).

Anti-influenza Virus Activity by Tricin, Isolated from Sasa Albo-marginata in Japan by Kurumi Yazawa; Yuuzou Tsuchida; Rie Yamada; Hidetaka Sadanari; Tsugiya Murayama (pp. a49).

Anti-viral Activity of Ingavirin (Imidazolyl Ethanamide Pentandioic Acid) Against Lethal Influenza Infection Caused by Pandemic Strain A/California/07/09 (H1N1)v in White Mice by Vladimir Zarubaev; Vladimir Nebolsin; Angela Garshinina; Nelly Kalinina; Anna Shtro; Oleg Kiselev (pp. a50).

Neuraminidase Inhibitor Susceptibility of Swine Influenza A Viruses Isolated Between 1981and 2008 in Germany by Michaela Schmidtke; Katja Bauer; Dominik Topf; Heike Braun; Martina Richter; Kathrin Pfarr; Ralf Dürrwald; Michael Schlegel; Peter Wutzler (pp. a44).

Synthesis and Tissue Distribution Studies of Acyloxyalkyl Prodrug Derivative of an Anti-HBV Dinucleotide by John Coughlin; Kathleen O’Loughlin; Sung Rhee; Mary Tanga; Radhakrishnan Iyer; Anna Furimsky; Seetharamaiyer Padmanabhan; Judith Marquis; Amy Ta; Carol Green; Jon Mirsalis (pp. a32-a33).

A New Tacaribe Arenavirus Infection Model to Explore the Antiviral Activity of a Novel Aristeromycin Analog by Brian Gowen; Kie-Hoon Jung; Deanna Larson; Wei Ye; John Morrey; Donald Smee; Stewart Schneller (pp. a55).

Preliminary Evidence of Rapid HBsAg Seroconversion in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) Treated with a DNA-based Amphipathic Polymer by Mamun Al-Mahtab; Michel Bazinet; Andrew Vaillant (pp. a28).

Efficacy of Combinations of Oseltamivir and Peramivir in Treating Influenza a (H1N1) Virus Infections in Cell Culture and in Mice by Donald Smee; Brett Hurst; Min-Hui Wong; E. Bart Tarbet; Y.S. Babu; John Morrey (pp. a47).

Studies of HIV Integrase Inhibitory Activity of Morinda citrifolia L Noni Fruit Extracts by Periyasamy Selvam; Kasthuraiah Maddali; Christophe Marchand; Yves Pommier (pp. a45-a46).

The Discovery and Efficacy of a Small Molecule Inhibitor of Ebola Capsid Assembly in an Animal Model by Jean Francis; Warren Kalina; Travis Warren; Katie Edwards; I-ting Jaing; A. Pia Abola; Abhar Nissar; Anatoliy Kitaygorodskyy; Clarence R. Hurt; Sina Bavari; William Hansen; Vishwanath R. Lingappa (pp. a54).

Future Conferences (pp. a78).

Biological Profiling of GS-9350, a Novel Pharmacoenhancer that Lacks Anti-HIV Activity and Exhibits Low Potential for Metabolic Adverse Effects In Vitro by Christian Callebaut; Luong Tsai; Kirsten Stray; Hongtao Liu; Lianhong Xu; Manoj Desai; Tomas Cihlar (pp. a31).

Efficient Suppression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Macrophages by Nano-NRTIs by Edward Makarov; Trevor Gerson; Thulani Senanayake; Larisa Poluektova; Serguei Vinogradov (pp. a38-a39).

Invitation to the Twenty-Fourth International Conference on Antiviral Research, Sofia, Bulgaria, 7–11th May, 2011 (pp. a77).

A Cell Protection Screen Reveals Potent Inhibitors of Multiple Stages of the Hepatitis C Virus Life Cycle by Karuppiah Chockalingam; Rudo Simeon; Charles Rice; Zhilei Chen (pp. a32).

Antiviral Activity of Leflunomide Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus by Melinda Dunn; Deborah Knight; W. James Waldman (pp. a26).

Discovery of GS-9350: A Novel and Selective Pharmacoenhancer without Anti-HIV Activity by L. Xu; H. Liu; B. Murray; C. Callebaut; A. Hong; R. Vivian; M. Lee; L. Tsai; K. Stray; J. Chau; R. Strickley; J. Koziara; Y. Choi; G. Rhodes; M. Desai (pp. a22).

Design, Molecular Modelling Studies on Isatin Analogues as Novel Inhibitors of HIV Integrase by P. Selvam; M. Chandramohan; N. Saravanan Prabhu; M. Suresh Kumar (pp. a45).

In Vitro Selection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus Replicons Double or Triple Resistant to Various Non-nucleoside HCV Polymerase Inhibitors by Leen Delang; Inge Vliegen; Pieter Leyssen; Johan Neyts (pp. a19-a20).

Small Molecules Targeting Protein–Protein Interactions: A Promising Anti-HIV Strategy by Alba Chimirri; Laura De Luca; Stefania Ferro; Rosaria Gitto; Anna Maria Monforte; Stefano Agnello; Maria Letizia Barreca; Frauke Christ; Zeger Debyser (pp. a32).

Protection Against Genital HSV-2 in Guinea Pigs with Subunit Vaccines Containing gD2, gB2, and gH/gL Glycoprotein Antigens Complexed with CLDC Adjuvant by R.D. Cardin; F.J. Bravo; J.D. Earwood; J.R. Clark; R.J. Eisenberg; G.H. Cohen; J. Fairman; D.I. Bernstein (pp. a23).

A Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Carbocyclic Nucleosides and Nucleotides by Miriam Mahler; Bastian Reichardt; Jan Balzarini; Chris Meier (pp. a61).

The Activity of the New Adamantane Derivatives Against the Orthopoxviruses by Yuri Klimochkin; Vitaliy Osyanin; Eugene Golovin; Marina Leonova; Sergey Konkov; Natalia Kilyaeva; Nikolay Bormotov; Olga Serova; Sergey Balakhnin; Eugene Belanov (pp. a59).

Toward A More Complete Anti-Herpesvirus SAR for 2nd Generation Methylenecyclopropane Nucleosides by John D. Williams; Atiyya R. Khan; Mark N. Prichard; Sam L. Frederick; Geraldine M. Jefferson; Jiri Zemlicka; Norton P. Peet; Terry L. Bowlin (pp. a69).

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Triazolo-pyrimidine Derivatives as Novel Inhibitors of Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen (HBsAg) Secretion by Wenquan Yu; Cally Goddard; Courtney Mills; Elizabeth Clearfield; Andrea Cuconati; Kang Zhao; Timothy Block; Xiaodong Xu (pp. a49).

The Antienteroviral Effect of Oxoglaucine and Phenotypic Characterization of the Oxoglaucine Resistant Mutant of Coxsackievirus B1 by Lubomira Nikolaeva-Glomb; Stefan Philipov; Angel S. Galabov (pp. a63).

Acute Toxicity of Oral Octadecyloxyethyl Esters of 3-Hydroxy-2-(Phosphonomethoxy) Propyl Nucleosides in Balb/c Mice by Julissa Trahan; Nadejda Valiaeva; James Beadle; Karl Hostetler (pp. a68-a69).

Small Molecule Therapeutics of Viruses of Families Bunyaviridae and Arenaviridae by Marcela Karpuj; Darci Smith; Brenna Kelley-Clarke; Andrea Stossel; Anna Honko; Sean Broce; Nessie Van Loan; Emma Harrell; Colm Kelleher; Jaisri R. Lingappa; William Hansen; Clarence R. Hurt; Lisa Hensley; Vishwanath R. Lingappa (pp. a58).

New Nucleoside and bis-Nucleoside-Phosphonate Conjugates: Design, Stability, and Anti-HIV Evaluation by Marina Kukhanova; Maxim Jasko; Dmitry Yanvarev; Inna Karpenko; Alexander Shipitzyn; Anastasia Khandazhinskaya (pp. a60).

MK-5172, a Novel Macrocyclic Inhibitor of NS3/4a Protease Demonstrates Efficacy Against Viral Resistance in the Chimpanzee Model of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection by Steve Ludmerer; Steve Carroll; John McCauley; Mike Rudd; Paul Coleman; Nigel Liverton; Christine Burlein; Jill DiMuzio; Adam Gates; Don Graham; Carolyn McHale; Mark Stahlhut; Christine Fandozzi; Daria Hazuda; Joe Vacca; David Olsen (pp. a21).

Antiviral Activity of Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates with Branched 2-(2-Phosphonoethoxy)ethyl Chain by Dana Hocková; Antonín Holý; Graciela Andrei; Robert Snoeck; Jan Balzarini (pp. a56).

Synthesis and Solution Structure of DNA Duplexes Containing the Potent Anti-poxvirus Agent Cidofovir by James R. Beadle; Subhrangsu Chatterjee; Wendy C. Magee; Brian D. Sykes; David H. Evans; Karl Y. Hostetler (pp. a52-a53).

Eradication of Persistent Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection in Cell Culture by Antiviral Treatment: How to Get Ahead of the Viral Evasion Strategy by Jan Paeshuyse; Simone Musiu; Gerhard Puerstinger; Johan Neyts (pp. a41).

A Single Intranasal Administration of DEF201 Protects Against Lethal Respiratory Challenge with Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses by Tahar Babas; Elizabeth Peters; Jocelyn Bassler; Amy Rippeon; Ronda Wright; Ginger Donnelly; Jane Ennis; Lowery Rhodes; Jeffrey Turner; Peter Silvera (pp. a52).

Nucleotide Analogs that Induce Cellular Production of Antimicrobial Proteins by Radhakrishnan Iyer; John Coughlin; Seetharamaiyer Padmanabhan; Brent Korba; Sua Myong; Bud Tennant; John Morrey (pp. a57).

Screening and Rational Design of Low Molecular Weight HIV Fusion Inhibitors by Miriam Gochin; Guangyan Zhou; Dong Wu; Landon Whitby; Dale Boger; Thomas Chung (pp. a55).

Cell-Free Protein Synthesizing Systems As Tools for Discovery of Drugs Inhibiting Viral Capsid Assembly by Vishwanath R. Lingappa; Emma Harrell; Kiel Copeland; M. Dharma Prasad; Vinod Asundi; Nick Hahner; Jean Francis; Debendranath Dey; Jennifer Welsh; Amanda Macieik; Jaisri R. Lingappa; Colm Kelleher; Clarence R. Hurt; William Hansen (pp. a61).

Diphenylcarboxamides as Inhibitors of HCV Non-Structural Protein NS5a by Malcolm Carter; Bob Baxter; David Bushnell; Stuart Cockerill; Jo Chapman; Sally Fram; Emma Goulding; Mike Lockyer; Neil Mathews; Pilar Najarro; Dilupa Rupassara; James Salter; Elaine Thomas; Chris Wheelhouse; Jessica Borger; Kenneth Powell (pp. a19).

Overview on Clinical Trials and Resistance Breaking Activity of the Anti-Cytomegalovirus Compound AIC246 by Holger Zimmermann; Susanne Stoelben; Dirk Kropeit; Peter Lischka; Detlef Michel; Lutz Renders; Klemens Budde; Wolfgang Arns; Helga Ruebsamen-Schaeff (pp. a70).

Discovery and Treatment of Respiratory Neurological Sequelae in West Nile Virus Infected Hamsters by John D. Morrey; Venkatraman Siddharthan; Hong Wang; Neil E. Motter; Jeffery O. Hall; Robert D. Skinner (pp. a39).

Optimization of Novel Broad Spectrum Anti-influenza Therapeutics by William Severson; Xi Chen; Colleen Jonsson; Clinton Maddox; Joseph Maddry; James Noah; Stephen Ontiveros; William Parker; Donald Smee (pp. a46).

Anti-human Cytomegalovirus Activity by 4′,5,7-Trihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavone (TRICIN) by Tsugiya Murayama; Yuuzou Tsuchida; Kurumi Yazawa; Rie Yamada; Keiko Matsubara; Hidetaka Sadanari (pp. a62).

Excision of HIV-1 Proviral DNA using Tre-Recombinase: An Experimental Update by Jan Chemnitz; Patrick Ziegler; Ilona Hauber; Claus-Henning Nagel; Helga Hofmann-Sieber; Markus Manz; Frank Buchholz; Joachim Hauber (pp. a31-a32).

Humanized Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody and Cyclosporine Treatment for Motor Unit Number Estimation in West Nile Virus Infected Hamster Model by Venkatraman Siddharthan; Brandon Taro; Hong Wang; Jeffery Nordstrom; Jeffery Hall; Robert Skinner; John Morrey (pp. a47).

ST-246, a Therapeutic for Smallpox by Tahar Babas; Deborah Sites; Lourdes Nieves-Duran; Amy Sands; Rhonda Wright; Amy Rippeon; Dawn Golightly; Ginger Donnelly; Lowrey Rhodes; Robert Jordan; Dennis Hruby; Peter Silvera (pp. a24).

An Intrabody based on a Llama Single-domain Antibody Targeting the N-terminal α-Helical Multimerization Domain of HIV-1 Rev Inhibits Viral Replication by Dirk Daelemans; Thomas Vercruysse; Els Pardon; Els Vanstreels; Jan Steyaert (pp. a22).

Antiviral Drug Efficacy Evaluation Against Pandemic Influenza a (H1N1) Viruses in MDCK Cells by Bart Tarbet; Brett Hurst; Dale Barnard; Y.S. Babu; Yousuke Furuta; Donald Smee (pp. a48).

Stereoselective Synthetic Strategy to Potentially Antiviral Active Carbocyclicl-Nucleosides andl-Nucleotides by Claudia Worthmann; Sönke Jessel; Jan Balzarini; Chris Meier (pp. a69-a70).

Therapeutic Response Guided Interferon Therapy Among Patients Chronically Infected with Hepatitis C Virus by Abida Raza; Hafsa Aziz; Naseeb Zaman; Iqbal Yousuf; Faateh Din; Shahnaz Murtaza; Javed Irfan; Mukhtar Muhammad (pp. a43).

Small Molecule Inhibitors of De Novo Cell-free Capsid Assembly Effective against Flaviviridae and Togaviridae by Vishwanath R. Lingappa; Juliane Gentzsch; Kiel Copeland; I.-ting Jaing; Michael Corpuz; Pamela Glass; Jaisri R. Lingappa; Brenna Kelley-Clarke; Debendranath Dey; Colm Kelleher; Andy Atuegbu; Amy Anderson; Josh Lehrer-Graiwer; Thomas Pietschmann; Clarence R. Hurt; William Hansen (pp. a37).

In Vitro Dose Ranging Studies for Serine Protease Inhibitor, MK-4519, Against a Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Replicon using the Bellocell System by Ashley N. Brown; D.V. Singer; J.J. McSharry; R.J.O. Barnard; D.J. Hazuda; G.L. Drusano (pp. a30).

Unsymmetrical CADA Analogs as Novel Down-modulators of the CD4 Receptor by Violeta Demillo; Kurt Vermeire; Dominique Schols; Thomas Bell (pp. a53-a54).

Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of 3-O-Phosphonomethyl Nucleosides by Michal Cesnek; Piet Herdewijn (pp. a51).

Synthesis of Ester Prodrugs of 9-(S)-[3-Hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-2,6-diaminopurine (HPMPDAP) as Anti-Poxvirus Agents by Marcela Krecmerova; Antonin Holy; Graciela Andrei; Karel Pomeisl; Tomas Tichy; Genevieve Laflamme; Lieve Naesens; Tomas Cihlar; Johan Neyts; Erik De Clercq; Jan Balzarini; Robert Snoeck (pp. a59-a60).

Activation of Retinoic Acid Inducible Gene (RIG-I) by Nucleotide Analogs: A Potential Novel Mechanism for Antiviral Discovery by Radhakrishnan Iyer; John Coughlin; Seetharamaiyer Padmanabhan; Brent Korba; Sua Myong (pp. a35).

Small-molecule Inhibition of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion: It Takes Two to Tango by Dirk Roymans; Eric Arnoult; Maxwell D. Cummings; Anil Koul; Koen Andries (pp. a26-a27).

CYSTUS052, a New Compound Against Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Virus by Karolin Droebner; Christina Ehrhardt; Stephan Ludwig; Oliver Planz (pp. a33).

Development of novel therapies for hepatitis C by Stanley M. Lemon; Jane A. McKeating; Thomas Pietschmann; David N. Frick; Jeffrey S. Glenn; Timothy L. Tellinghuisen; Julian Symons; Phillip A. Furman (pp. 79-92).

The current standard of care for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a combination of pegylated IFN and ribavirin (Peg-IFN/RBV). Because of the adverse effects associated with both IFN and ribavirin and because Peg-IFN/RBV provides only about a 45–50% sustained virological response (SVR, undetectable HCV RNA for greater than 24 weeks after cessation of therapy) in genotype 1-infected individuals, there is a need for more potent anti-HCV compounds with fewer adverse effects. The twenty-first International Conference on Antiviral Research held in May 2009 in Miami Beach, Florida, featured a special session focused on novel targets for HCV therapy. The session included presentations by world-renowned experts in HCV virology and covered a diverse array of potential targets for the development of new classes of HCV therapies. This review contains concise summaries of discussed topics that included the innate immune response, virus entry, the NS2 protease, the NS3 helicase, NS4B, and NS5A. Each presenter discussed the current knowledge of these targets and provided examples of recent scientific breakthroughs that are enhancing our understanding of these targets. As our understanding of the role of these novel anti-HCV targets increases so will our ability to discover new, more safe and effective anti-HCV therapies.

Keywords: HCV; Novel targets; Innate immune response; Virus entry; NS2; NS3 helicase; NS4B; NS5A; Antivirals

Bioluminescence imaging of reporter mice for studies of infection and inflammation by Kathryn E. Luker; Gary D. Luker (pp. 93-100).

In vivo bioluminescence imaging offers the opportunity to study biological processes in living animals, and the study of viral infections and host immune responses can be enhanced substantially through this imaging modality. For most studies of viral pathogenesis and effects of anti-viral therapies, investigators have used recombinant viruses engineered to express a luciferase enzyme. This strategy requires stable insertion of an imaging reporter gene into the viral genome, which is not feasible for many RNA viruses, and provides data on the viral component of pathogenesis but not on the host. Genetically engineered mice with luciferase reporters for specific viral or host genes provide opportunities to overcome these limitations and expand applications of bioluminescence imaging in viral infection and therapy. We review several different types of reporter mice for bioluminescence imaging, including animals that permit in vivo detection of viral replication, trafficking of immune cells, activation of key genes in host immunity to viral infection, and response to tissue damage. By utilizing luciferase enzymes with different emission spectra and/or substrates, it is possible to monitor two different biologic processes in the same animal, such as pathogen replication and sites of tissue injury. Combining imaging reporter viruses with genetically engineered reporter mice is expected to substantially enhance the power of bioluminescence imaging for quantitative studies of viral and host factors that control disease outcome and effects of established and new therapeutic agents.

Keywords: Bioluminescence; Imaging; Luciferase; Transgenic mouse; Viral infection; Immunity

Human and viral nucleoside/nucleotide kinases involved in antiviral drug activation: Structural and catalytic properties by Dominique Deville-Bonne; Chahrazade El Amri; Philippe Meyer; Yuxing Chen; Luigi A. Agrofoglio; Joël Janin (pp. 101-120).

Antiviral nucleoside and nucleotide analogs, essential for the treatment of viral infections in the absence of efficient vaccines, are prodrug forms of the active compounds that target the viral DNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase. The activation process requires several successive phosphorylation steps catalyzed by different kinases, which are present in the host cell or encoded by some of the viruses. These activation reactions often are rate-limiting steps and are thus open to improvement. We review here the structural and enzymatic properties of the enzymes that carry out the activation of analogs used in therapy against human immunodeficiency virus and against DNA viruses such as hepatitis B, herpes and poxviruses. Four major classes of drugs are considered: thymidine analogs, non-naturall-nucleosides, acyclic nucleoside analogs and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogs. Their efficiency as drugs depends both on the low specificity of the viral polymerase that allows their incorporation into DNA, but also on the ability of human/viral kinases to provide the activated triphosphate active forms at a high concentration at the right place. Two distinct modes of action are considered, depending on the origin of the kinase (human or viral). If the human kinases are house-keeping enzymes that belong to the metabolic salvage pathway, herpes and poxviruses encode for related enzymes. The structures, substrate specificities and catalytic properties of each of these kinases are discussed in relation to drug activation.

Keywords: Abbreviations; ANP; acyclic nucleoside phosphonates; Acyclovir; 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine; Adefovir; PMEA, 9-2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyladenine; AZT; (2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-azidothymidine); BVdU; brivudin, (; E; )-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2′-deoxyuridine; CE; catalytic efficiency; Cidofovir; (; S; )-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl) cytosine; CMV; cytomegalovirus; ddT; 2′,3′-dideoxy-thymidine; d4T; Stavudine, 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxy-thymidine; Ganciclovir; 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine; HBV; hepatitis B virus; HIV; human immunodeficiency virus; HSV; herpes simplex virus; IdU; Idoxuridine, (5-Iodo-2′-deoxyuridine); Lamivudine; 3TC, (β-; l; -2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine); RT; reverse transcriptase; Telbivudine; l; -dT, (β-; l; -2′-deoxythymidine); Tenofovir; (; R; )PMPA, (; R; )-9-(phosphonomethoxy)propyladenine; Torcitabine; l; -dC, (; l; -2′-deoxycytidine); Vacc; vaccinia virus; VZV; varicella zoster virusThymidine kinase; Thymidylate kinase; Herpes simplex virus; Vaccinia virus; Deoxycytidine kinase; Deoxyguanosine kinase; Adenylate kinase; Nucleoside diphosphate kinase; nm23; Phosphoglycerate kinase; Ganciclovir; Bromovinyldeoxyuridine; Brivudin; Telbivudine; Lamivudine; Tenofovir

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Antiviral Research (v.86, #1)