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BBA - Bioenergetics (v.1757, #3)
Lateral energy transfer model for adjacent light-harvesting antennae rods of C-phycocyanins
by Anil K. Padyana; S. Ramakumar (pp. 161-165).
Modeling of excitation transfer pathways have been carried out for the structure of Spirulina platensis C-phycocyanin. Calculations by Förster mechanism using the crystal structure coordinates determined in our laboratory indicate ultra-fast lateral energy transfer rates between pairs of chromophores attached to two adjacent hexamer disks. The pairwise transfer times of the order of a few pico-seconds correspond to resonance transitions between peripheral β155 chromophores. A quantitative lateral energy transfer model for C-phycocyanin light-harvesting antenna rods that is suggestive to its native structural organization emerges from this study.
Keywords: Abbreviations; CPC; C-phycocyanin; PE; Phycoerythrin; APC; Allophycocyanin; Syn; Synechococcus; sp. PCC; F.; Fremyella; PCB; Phycocyanobilins; S.; Spirulina; D; Donor; A; Acceptor; PDB; Protein Data BankLight-harvesting; Photosynthesis; Phycobilisomes; Phycocyanobilin
Mitochondrial metabolic states and membrane potential modulate mtNOS activity
by Laura B. Valdez; Tamara Zaobornyj; Alberto Boveris (pp. 166-172).
The mitochondrial metabolic state regulates the rate of NO release from coupled mitochondria: NO release by heart, liver and kidney mitochondria was about 40–45% lower in state 3 (1.2, 0.7 and 0.4 nmol/min mg protein) than in state 4 (2.2, 1.3 and 0.7 nmol/min mg protein). The activity of mtNOS, responsible for NO release, appears driven by the membrane potential component and not by intramitochondrial pH of the proton motive force. The intramitochondrial concentrations of the NOS substrates,l-arginine (about 310 μM) and NADPH (1.04–1.78 mM) are 60–1000 times higher than their KM values. Moreover, the changes in their concentrations in the state 4–state 3 transition are not enough to explain the changes in NO release. Nitric oxide release was exponentially dependent on membrane potential as reported for mitochondrial H2O2 production [S.S. Korshunov, V.P. Skulachev, A.A. Satarkov, High protonic potential actuates a mechanism of production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria. FEBS Lett. 416 (1997) 15–18.]. Agents that decrease or abolish membrane potential minimize NO release while the addition of oligomycin that produces mitochondrial hyperpolarization generates the maximal NO release. The regulation of mtNOS activity, an apparently voltage-dependent enzyme, by membrane potential is marked at the physiological range of membrane potentials.
Keywords: Abbreviations; mtNOS; mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase; NO; nitric oxide; O; 2; superoxide anion; ONOO; peroxynitrite; l; -NMMA; l; -N; G; -monomethyl-; l; -arginine; Rh-123; Rhodamine 123; CCCP; carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone; GSNO; S-nitrosoglutathione; DTT; dithiothreitol; SOD; superoxide dismutaseMitochondrial NO; NO release; mtNOS; State 4–state 3 transition; Voltage-dependent enzyme activity; Mitochondrial membrane potential
The chlorophyll a fluorescence induction pattern in chloroplasts upon repetitive single turnover excitations: Accumulation and function of QB-nonreducing centers
by Wim Vredenberg; Vojtech Kasalicky; Milan Durchan; Ondrej Prasil (pp. 173-181).
The increase of chlorophyll fluorescence yield in chloroplasts in a 12.5 Hz train of saturating single turnover flashes and the kinetics of fluorescence yield decay after the last flash have been analyzed. The approximate twofold increase in Fm relative to Fo, reached after 30–40 flashes, is associated with a proportional change in the slow (1–20 s) component of the multiphasic decay. This component reflects the accumulation of a sizeable fraction of QB-nonreducing centers. It is hypothesized that the generation of these centers occurs in association with proton transport across the thylakoid membrane. The data are quantitatively consistent with a model in which the fluorescence quenching of QB-nonreducing centers is reversibly released after second excitation and electron trapping on the acceptor side of Photosystem II.
Keywords: Abbreviations; β; fraction of PSUs with Q; B; -nonreducing RCs; DCMU; 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; FCCP; carbonyl cyanide p-trofluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone; F; (; t; ); fluorescence level at time; t; F; m; maximum fluorescence in each STF in flash train; F; o; fluorescence level of system with 100% open PSUs in dark-adapted state; F; v; variable fluorescence at each STF in a 12.5 Hz flash train with; F; v; =; F; m; −; F; o; Δ; F; fluorescence increase in STF in 12.5 Hz flash train; Δ; F; o; increase in fluorescence level at onset of STF in 12.5 Hz flash train with Δ; F; o; =; F; m; −Δ; F; Δ; F; Qa; fluorescence increase in STF associated with release of Q; A; -quenching; Δ; F; Phe; fluorescence increase in STF associated with release of Phe-quenching; Δ; F; nQb; fluorescence increase in STF associated with release of quenching in Q; B; -nonreducing RCs; F; sc; fluorescence of semi-closed (-open) Q; B; -reducing RCs; F; sc; nQb; fluorescence of semi-closed (-open) Q; B; -nonreducing RCs; F; c; nQb; fluorescence of closed Q; B; -nonreducing RCs; k; −1; rate constant of radical pair recombination; k; AB1, 2; rate constant of Q; A; −; oxidation by Q; B; and Q; B; −; , respectively; k; 1,2; rate constant of reoxidation of [PheQ; A; ]; 2−; to [PheQ; A; ]; −; in Q; B; -nonreducing RCs; k; nB1,2; rate constant of reoxidation [PheQ; A; ]; −; in Q; B; -nonreducing RCs; k; e; rate constant of Q; A; photoreduction; N; number of STFs in variable flash train; OEC; oxygen evolving complex; P; 680; primary electron donor of PSII; Phe(or Ph); pheophytin, primary electron acceptor of PSII; [PheQ; A; ]; 2−,−; double and single reduced acceptor pair of PSII, respectively; PQ; plastoquinone; PSII; photosystem II; PSU; photosynthetic unit; Q; A; primary quinone acceptor of PSII; Q; B; secondary quinone acceptor of PSII; RC; reaction center of PSII; TSTM; three-state trapping model; STF; single turnover flash; VMC; valinomyin; Y; Z; secondary electron donor of PSIIChlorophyll; a; Fluorescence quenching; Photosystem 2; Three state trapping mechanism (TSTM); Non-QB-reducing center; Single turnover excitation
Thermodynamics of carbon monoxide photodissociation from the fully reduced cytochrome aa3 oxidase from Rb. sphaeroides
by Jaroslava Miksovska; Robert B. Gennis; Randy W. Larsen (pp. 182-188).
Photodissociation of the fully reduced carbonmonoxy bound cytochrome aa3 from Rb. sphaeroides results in ultrafast ligand transfer between heme a 3 and CuB, which is followed by thermal dissociation from CuB on longer time scales. We have utilized photoacoustic calorimetry to obtain a detailed thermodynamic description of the mechanism of ligand photodissociation and transfer between heme a3 and CuB. Subsequent to ligand photodissociation an additional process, which has not been characterized previously, was observed with the lifetime of 485 ns at 18 °C and is coupled to a volume expansion of 3.3 ml mol−1. From the temperature dependence, an activation barrier of 4 kcal mol−1 was determined. We attribute the observed 500 ns process to changes in CuB ligation subsequent to ligand translocation. In a photoacoustic study on CO photodissociation from bovine heart aa3 oxidase, no volume changes were observed on the ns timescale, indicating that a different mechanism may control ligand dissociation and binding within the binuclear center of the bacterial and bovine enzymes.
Keywords: Photoacoustic calorimetry; Cytochrome c oxidase; CO photolysis; Respiratory protein
A carboxylic residue at the high-affinity, Mn-binding site participates in the binding of iron cations that block the site
by Boris K. Semin; Michael Seibert (pp. 189-197).
The role of carboxylic residues at the high-affinity, Mn-binding site in the ligation of iron cations blocking the site [Biochemistry 41 (2000) 5854] was studied, using a method developed to extract the iron cations blocking the site. We found that specifically bound Fe(III) cations can be extracted with citrate buffer at pH 3.0. Furthermore, citrate can also prevent the photooxidation of Fe(II) cations by YZ. Participation of a COOH group(s) in the ligation of Fe(III) at the high-affinity site was investigated using 1-ethyl-3-[(3-dimethylamino)propyl] carbodiimide (EDC), a chemical modifier of carboxylic amino acid residues. Modification of the COOH groups inhibits the light-induced oxidation of exogenous Mn(II) cations by Mn-depleted photosystem II (PSII[−Mn]) membranes. The rate of Mn(II) oxidation saturates at ≥10 μM in PSII(−Mn) membranes and ≥500 μM in EDC-treated PSII (−Mn) samples. Intact PSII(−Mn) membranes have only one site for Mn(II) oxidation via YZ (dissociation constant, Kd=0.64 μM), while EDC-treated PSII(−Mn) samples have two sites ( Kd=1.52 and 22 μM; the latter is the low-affinity site). When PSII(−Mn) membranes were incubated with Fe(II) before modifier treatment (to block the high-affinity site) and the blocking iron cations were extracted with citrate (pH 3.0) after modification, the membranes contained only one site ( Kd=2.3 μM) for exogenous Mn(II) oxidation by YZ radical. In this case, the rate of electron donation via YZ saturated at a Mn(II) concentration ≥15 μM. These results indicate that the carboxylic residue participating in Mn(II) coordination and the binding of oxidized manganese cations at the HAZ site is protected from the action of the modifier by the iron cations blocking the HAZ site. We concluded that the carboxylic residue (D1 Asp-170) participating in the coordination of the manganese cation at the HAZ site (Mn4 in the tetranuclear manganese cluster [Science 303 (2004) 1831]) is also involved in the ligation of the Fe cation(s) blocking the high-affinity Mn-binding site.
Keywords: Abbreviations; Chl; chlorophyll; DCIP; 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol; DCMU; 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; DPC; 1,5-diphenylcarbazide; EDC; 1-ethyl-3-[(3-dimethylamino) propyl]carbodiimide; F; 0; fluorescence emitted by a sample at low light levels prior to flash excitation; (; F; −; F; 0; )/; F; 0; fluorescence yield; F; final; final fluorescence yield detected after decay of the flash-induced; F; max; F; max; maximum fluorescence yield following actinic-flash excitation; HA; Z; high-affinity electron donation site to Y; Z; by Mn(II); K; d; dissociation constant of a substrate–enzyme complex; K; i; dissociation of an inhibitor–enzyme complex; K; st; stability constant; LA; Z; low-affinity electron donation site to Y; Z; by Mn(II); MES; 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid; Mn4; Mn coordinated at the HA; Z; site; (Mn); 4; /Ca cluster; tetrameric Mn/Ca cluster of the OEC; OEC; O; 2; -evolving complex; p; K; app; apparent pK; PSII; photosystem II; PSII(-Mn); Mn-depleted PSII membranes; PSII(−Mn, +Fe); Fe-blocked PSII(−Mn); RC; reaction center; Y; Z; redox-active tyrosine D1-Tyr161, the first electron donor to P680; +; in PSIIPhotosystem II; PSII; High-affinity site; Manganese; Iron; D1 Asp-170; Citrate; Chemical modification; Carboxylic amino acid; Low pH; Metal ion oxidation; Y; z; Metal ion binding; Low affinity site
Glycerate-3-phosphate, produced by CO2 fixation in the Calvin cycle, is critical for the synthesis of the D1 protein of photosystem II
by Shunichi Takahashi; Norio Murata (pp. 198-205).
We demonstrated recently that, in intact cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, interruption of CO2 fixation via the Calvin cycle inhibits the synthesis of proteins in photosystem II (PSII), in particular, synthesis of the D1 protein, during the repair of PSII after photodamage. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism responsible for this phenomenon using intact chloroplasts isolated from spinach leaves. When CO2 fixation was inhibited by exogenous glycolaldehyde, which inhibits the phosphoribulokinase that synthesizes ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, the synthesis de novo of the D1 protein was inhibited. However, when glycerate-3-phosphate (3-PGA), which is a product of CO2 fixation in the Calvin cycle, was supplied exogenously, the inhibitory effect of glycolaldehyde was abolished. A reduced supply of CO2 also suppressed the synthesis of the D1 protein, and this inhibitory effect was also abolished by exogenous 3-PGA. These findings suggest that the supply of 3-PGA, generated by CO2 fixation, is important for the synthesis of the D1 Protein. It is likely that 3-PGA accepts electrons from NADPH and decreases the level of reactive oxygen species, which inhibit the synthesis of proteins, such as the D1 protein.
Keywords: Abbreviations; CBB; Coomassie brilliant blue; DHAP; dihydroxyacetone phosphate; GAP; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; 3-PGA; glycerate-3-phosphate; glycolate-2-P; glycolate-2-phosphate; glycolate-2-P; glycolate-2-phosphate; OEC, oxygen-evolving complex; PSII, photosystem II; pre-D1; the precursor to the D1 protein; ROS; reactive oxygen species; Rubisco; ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; RuBP; ribulose-1,5-bisphosphateCalvin cycle; CO; 2; fixation; D1 protein; Glycerate-3-phosphate; Photoinhibition; Photosystem II
A functionally inactive, cold-stabilized form of the Escherichia coli F1Fo ATP synthase
by Mikhail A. Galkin; Robert R. Ishmukhametov; Steven B. Vik (pp. 206-214).
An unusual effect of temperature on the ATPase activity of E. coli F1Fo ATP synthase has been investigated. The rate of ATP hydrolysis by the isolated enzyme, previously kept on ice, showed a lag phase when measured at 15 °C, but not at 37 °C. A pre-incubation of the enzyme at room temperature for 5 min completely eliminated the lag phase, and resulted in a higher steady-state rate. Similar results were obtained using the isolated enzyme after incorporation into liposomes. The initial rates of ATP-dependent proton translocation, as measured by 9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine (ACMA) fluorescence quenching, at 15 °C also varied according to the pre-incubation temperature. The relationship between this temperature-dependent pattern of enzyme activity, termed thermohysteresis, and pre-incubation with other agents was examined. Pre-incubation of membrane vesicles with azide and Mg2+, without exogenous ADP, resulted in almost complete inhibition of the initial rate of ATPase when assayed at 10 °C, but had little effect at 37 °C. Rates of ATP synthesis following this pre-incubation were not affected at any temperature. Azide inhibition of ATP hydrolysis by the isolated enzyme was reduced when an ATP-regenerating system was used. A gradual reactivation of azide-blocked enzyme was slowed down by the presence of phosphate in the reaction medium. The well-known Mg2+ inhibition of ATP hydrolysis was shown to be greatly enhanced at 15 °C relative to at 37 °C. The results suggest that thermohysteresis is a consequence of an inactive form of the enzyme that is stabilized by the binding of inhibitory Mg-ADP.
Keywords: Abbreviations; DCCD; N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; FCCP; carbonyl cyanide; p; -(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone; ACMA; 9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine; LDAO; lauryldimethylamine oxideF; 1; F; o; ATP synthase; Thermohysteresis; Azide; Mg-ADP inhibition
A hybrid of the transhydrogenases from Rhodospirillum rubrum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalyses rapid hydride transfer but not the complete, proton-translocating reaction
by Rosalind Wilson; U. Mirian Obiozo; Philip G. Quirk; Gurdyal Singh Besra; J. Baz Jackson (pp. 215-223).
All transhydrogenases appear to have three components: dI, which binds NAD(H), and dIII, which binds NADP(H), protrude from the membrane, and dII spans the membrane. However, the polypeptide composition of the enzymes varies amongst species. The transhydrogenases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and of Rhodospirillum rubrum have three polypeptides. Sequence analysis indicates that an ancestral three-polypeptide enzyme evolved into transhydrogenases with either two polypeptides (such as the Escherichia coli enzyme) or one polypeptide (such as the mitochondrial enzyme). The fusion steps in each case probably led to the development of an additional transmembrane helix. A hybrid transhydrogenase was constructed from the dI component of the M. tuberculosis enzyme and the dII and dIII components of the R. rubrum enzyme. The hybrid catalyses cyclic transhydrogenation but not the proton-translocating, reverse reaction. This shows that nucleotide-binding/release at the NAD(H) site, and hydride transfer, are fully functional but that events associated with NADP(H) binding/release are compromised. It is concluded that sequence mismatch in the hybrid prevents a conformational change between dI and dIII which is essential for the step accompanying proton translocation.
Keywords: Abbreviations; AcPdAD; +; acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide (oxidised form); Nic; +; nicotinamide; NicH; dihydronicotinamide; NAD(H); both NAD; +; and NADHTranshydrogenase; Rhodospirillum rubrum; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Proton translocation; Nicotinamide nucleotides; Phylogenetic tree
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