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Analytica Chimica Acta (v.593, #1)
Cathodic stripping voltammetric determination of As(III) with in situ plated bismuth-film electrode using the catalytic hydrogen wave by Long Jiajie; Yukio Nagaosa (pp. 1-6).
A highly sensitive method has been developed for the determination of trace As(III) by a square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry employing in situ plated bismuth-film on edge-plane graphite substrate as working electrode. The presence of As(III) enhanced a cathodic peak corresponding to the catalytic hydrogen wave due to Se(IV) at about −1150mV. Linear calibration curves for As(III) determination were obtained over the concentration ranges of 0.01–1.0μgL−1 and 1.0–12.0μgL−1 at deposition times of 30s and 10s, respectively. The detection limit (3 σ) was estimated to be as low as 0.7ngL−1 As(III) at 30s deposition time. The optimum experimental parameters and probable interference from foreign ions and organic compounds were investigated. This proposed method could be applied to analyses of certified reference material, synthetic and natural water samples.
Keywords: As(III); Speciation; Catalytic hydrogen wave; Bismuth-film electrode; Edge-plane graphite; Square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry
Total inorganic arsenic detection in real water samples using anodic stripping voltammetry and a gold-coated diamond thin-film electrode by Yang Song; Greg M. Swain (pp. 7-12).
An accurate method for total inorganic arsenic determination in real water samples was developed using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) and a Au-coated boron-doped diamond thin-film electrode. Keys to the method are the use of a conducting diamond platform and solid phase extraction for sample preparation. In the method, the As(III) present in the sample is first detected by DPASV. The As(V) present is then reduced to As(III) by reaction with Na2SO3 and this is followed by a second detection of As(III) by DPASV. Interfering metal ions (e.g., Cu(II)) that cause decreased electrode response sensitivity for arsenic in real samples are removed by solid phase extraction as part of the sample preparation. For example, Cu(II) caused a 30% decrease in the As stripping peak current at a solution concentration ratio of 3:1 (Cu(II)/As(III)). This loss was mitigated by passage of the solution through a Chelex 100 cation exchange resin. After passage, only a 5% As stripping current response loss was seen. The effect of organic matter on the Au-coated diamond electrode response for As(III) was also evaluated. Humic acid at a 5ppm concentration caused only a 9% decrease in the As stripping peak charge for Au-coated diamond. By comparison, a 50% response decrease was observed for Au foil. Clearly, the chemical properties of the diamond surface in the vicinity of the metal deposits inhibit molecular adsorption on at least some of the Au surface. The method provided reproducible and accurate results for total inorganic arsenic in two contaminated water samples provided by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. The total inorganic As concentration in the two samples, quantified by the standard addition method, was 23.2±2.9ppb for UV plant influent water and 16.4±0.9ppb for Well 119 water ( n=4). These values differed from the specified concentrations by less than 4%.
Keywords: Anodic stripping voltammetry; Total inorganic arsenic analysis; Diamond electrodes; Electrodeposition and water analysis
Mesoporous tungsten titanate as matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of biomolecules by Zhe Shan; Lu Han; Minjia Yuan; Chunhui Deng; Dongyuan Zhao; Bo Tu; Pengyuan Yang (pp. 13-19).
In this paper, mesoporous tungsten titanate (WTiO) with different nano-pore structures was utilized as matrix for the analysis of short peptides by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS). Effect of characteristic features of mesoporous matrices on laser desorption/ionization process was investigated. Experiments showed that the ordered two-dimensional and three-dimensional mesoporous matrices were superior in performance to the non-ordered WTiO matrix. The dramatic enhancement of signal sensitivity by the ordered mesoporous matrices can be reasonably attributed to the ordered structure, which facilitated the understanding on structure–function relationship in mesoporous cavity for laser desorption process of adsorbed biomolecules. With the ordered mesoporous matrix, the short peptides are successfully detected. The presence of trace alkali metal salt effectively increased the analyte ion yields and the MALDI-TOFMS using the inorganic mesoporous matrices displayed a high salt tolerance. The developed technique also showed a satisfactory performance in peptide-mapping and amino-acid sequencing analysis.
Keywords: Mesoporous materials; Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry; Inorganic matrix; Biomolecules; Salt tolerance
Correlation between the synthetic origin of methamphetamine samples and their15N and13C stable isotope ratios by Isabelle Billault; Frédérique Courant; Léo Pasquereau; Solène Derrien; Richard J. Robins; Norbert Naulet (pp. 20-29).
The active ingredient of ecstasy, N-methyl-3,4-methyldioxyphenylisopropylamine (MDMA) can be manufactured by a number of easy routes from simple precursors. We have synthesised 45 samples of MDMA following the five most common routes using N-precursors from 12 different origins and three different precursors for the aromatic moiety. The13C and15N contents of both the precursors and the MDMA samples derived therefrom were measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry coupled to an elemental analyser (EA–IRMS). We show that within-pathway correlation between the15N content of the precursor and that of the derived MDMA can be strong but that no general pattern of correlation can be defined. Rather, it is evident that the δ15N values of MDMA are strongly influenced by a combination of the δ15N values of the source of nitrogen used, the route by which the MDMA is synthesised, and the experimental conditions employed. Multivariate analysis (PCA) based on the δ15N values of the synthetic MDMA and of the δ15N and δ13C values of the N-precursors leads to good discrimination between the majority of the reaction conditions tested.
Keywords: 13; C and; 15; N isotope ratios; Isotope Ratio Mass Spectroscopy; Drugs analysis; N; -Methyl-3,4-methyldioxyphenylisopropylamine (ecstasy); Statistical analysis
Evaluation of nutritional parameters in infant formulas and powdered milk by Raman spectroscopy by J. Moros; S. Garrigues; M. de la Guardia (pp. 30-38).
It has been made a critical evaluation of the application of near infrared Fourier transform-Raman spectroscopy for the simultaneous determination of the most important nutritional parameters such as energetic value, carbohydrate, protein and fat contents of infant formula and powdered milk samples based on the use of partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis. A highly heterogeneous population of 23 samples, covering a wide range of infant food formula and powdered milk, were obtained from the Spanish market. Raman spectra, obtained by excitation with a Nd:YAG laser at 1064nm, show no disturbing fluorescence effects; therefore sample spectra can be recorded without any previous preparation step. After correcting the spectra, hierarchical cluster analysis was performed in order to select a representative calibration set and the corresponding validation sample set. Different PLS models and several spectral windows were tested in order to evaluate their prediction capabilities for the validation set. Considering a calibration set comprised of three replicate spectra of 15 samples and a validation data set of eight samples, the procedure developed provided figures of merit which complied with the statutory values declared by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA).
Keywords: Infant formula; Powdered milk; Energetic value; Carbohydrates; Protein; Fat; Hierarchical cluster analysis; Partial-least-squares; Fourier transform-Raman
Monitoring of the smoking process by multicommutation Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy by André F. Lavorante; Salvador Garrigues; Boaventura F. Reis; Ángel Morales-Rubio; Miguel de la Guardia (pp. 39-45).
Nicotine was selected as the target molecule for monitoring of the smoking process by multicommutation Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The method involved the use of CHCl3 for on-line extraction of nicotine from tobacco, cigarette filters and tobacco ash from NH4OH alkalinized samples, and absorbance measurement of the characteristic band at 1316cm−1 in the stopped-flow mode, by obtaining the peak area in the range between 1334 and 1300cm−1. Under the best operational conditions, the procedure developed provided a detection limit of 0.05mgmL−1 nicotine, corresponding to 0.5mgg−1 in the solid sample, a relative standard deviation less than 2.5%, and a sampling frequency of 12 determinations h−1. It can be concluded that nicotine migrates in the smoke mainstream towards the filter during the smoking process. The smoking of cigarettes and cigars is different. Nicotine is retained weakly by both tobacco and filter in the case of cigarettes, and strongly by the unburned tobacco in cigars. The incomplete smoking of cigars and cigarettes reduces nicotine intake and thus reduces the additive effect.
Keywords: Nicotine; Multicommutation; Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy; On-line extraction; Tobacco
Reliable and fast quantitative analysis of active ingredient in pharmaceutical suspension using Raman spectroscopy by Seok Chan Park; Minjung Kim; Jaegeun Noh; Hoeil Chung; Youngah Woo; Jonghwa Lee; Mark S. Kemper (pp. 46-53).
The concentration of acetaminophen in a turbid pharmaceutical suspension has been measured successfully using Raman spectroscopy. The spectrometer was equipped with a large spot probe which enabled the coverage of a representative area during sampling. This wide area illumination (WAI) scheme (coverage area 28.3mm2) for Raman data collection proved to be more reliable for the compositional determination of these pharmaceutical suspensions, especially when the samples were turbid. The reproducibility of measurement using the WAI scheme was compared to that of using a conventional small-spot scheme which employed a much smaller illumination area (about 100μm spot size). A layer of isobutyric anhydride was placed in front of the sample vials to correct the variation in the Raman intensity due to the fluctuation of laser power. Corrections were accomplished using the isolated carbonyl band of isobutyric anhydride. The acetaminophen concentrations of prediction samples were accurately estimated using a partial least squares (PLS) calibration model. The prediction accuracy was maintained even with changes in laser power. It was noted that the prediction performance was somewhat degraded for turbid suspensions with high acetaminophen contents. When comparing the results of reproducibility obtained with the WAI scheme and those obtained using the conventional scheme, it was concluded that the quantitative determination of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in turbid suspensions is much improved when employing a larger laser coverage area. This is presumably due to the improvement in representative sampling.
Keywords: Acetoaminophen; Pharmaceutical suspension; Raman spectroscopy; Wide area illumination; Process Analytical Technology
Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy and multivariate curve resolution for the study of lipid oxidation in edible oils monitored by FTIR and FT-Raman spectroscopy by Barbara Muik; Bernhard Lendl; Antonio Molina-Diaz; Miguel Valcarcel; Maria Jose Ayora-Cañada (pp. 54-67).
Accelerate oxidative degradation of six vegetable oils was monitored using FTIR and FT-Raman spectroscopy. Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy and multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) were applied to the analysis of the data. The use of hetero-spectral two-dimensional correlation of FTIR and FT-Raman data allowed the use of well established band assignments to interpret less clearly assigned spectral features. With a moving window approach it was possible to obtain simplified two-dimensional correlation maps and to detect compounds evolving with different kinetic. Simultaneous analysis of the oxidation experiments of the six different oils monitored by both spectroscopic techniques was performed using MCR-ALS. Although a complete resolution of the data was not possible, the spectral changes occurring during the oxidative degradation of the oils were described with a five-component model. The two fundamentally different chemometric approaches lead to coincident results.
Keywords: Oil oxidation; Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy; Multivariate curve resolution; Fourier transform infrared spectrometry; Raman spectrometry
QSAR study of angiotensin II antagonists using robust boosting partial least squares regression by Yan-Ping Zhou; Chen-Bo Cai; Shi Huan; Jian-Hui Jiang; Hai-Long Wu; Guo-Li Shen; Ru-Qin Yu (pp. 68-74).
In the current study, robust boosting partial least squares (RBPLS) regression has been proposed to model the activities of a series of 4H-1,2,4-triazoles as angiotensin II antagonists. RBPLS works by sequentially employing PLS method to the robustly reweighted versions of the training compounds, and then combing these resulting predictors through weighted median. In PLS modeling, an F-statistic has been introduced to automatically determine the number of PLS components. The results obtained by RBPLS have been compared to those by boosting partial least squares (BPLS) repression and partial least squares (PLS) regression, showing the good performance of RBPLS in improving the QSAR modeling. In addition, the interaction of angiotensin II antagonists is a complex one, including topological, spatial, thermodynamic and electronic effects.
Keywords: Quantitative structure–activity relationship; Robust boosting partial least squares regression; Angiotensin II antagonists
Results from the “Technical Workshop on Genotoxicity Biosensing” on the micro-scale fluorometric assay of deoxyribonucleic acid unwinding by Christa Baumstark-Khan; Gerda Horneck (pp. 75-81).
The fluorometric analysis of DNA unwinding (FADU assay) was originally designed for rapid detection of X-ray-induced DNA damage in mammalian cells. This cellular bioassay is based on time-dependent alkaline denaturation of DNA under moderate denaturing conditions (pH 12.2–12.4) starting from ends as well as from all DNA break points (single-strand breaks, SSB; double-strand breaks, DSB; alkali-labile sites, ALS). DNA which remained double-stranded after 30min of alkaline treatment was detected after neutralisation and immediate fragmentation followed by binding to the Hoechst 33258 dye (bisbenzimide) and fluorescence measures. In the current paper, a modified method was used which allows cell cultivation and chemical treatment in the same microplate (μ-FADU) followed by analysis of 96 samples in a microplate fluorescence reader. Exposure of mammalian cells to chemicals was performed for 60min on ice thus allowing identification of direct acting substances capable of inducing DNA-strand breaks. As an inter-assay standard the action of hydrogen peroxide was tested in every test plate. The results demonstrate that the μ-FADU assay is suitable to detect the presence of chemically induced strand breaks within 3h.
Keywords: Abbreviations; ALS; alkali-labile sites; CHO; Chinese hamster ovary cells; DSB; double-strand break; dsDNA; double-stranded DNA; μ-FADU; micro-scale fluorometric analysis of DNA unwinding; FCS; fetal calf serum; PBS; phosphate buffered saline; SSB; single-strand breaks; ssDNA; single-stranded DNA; SSF; strand scission factorChinese hamster ovary cells; Fluorometric analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid unwinding; Chemical exposure; Deoxyribonucleic acid strand breaks; Technical Workshop on Genotoxicity Biosensing workshop
Selective detection of gas-phase TNT by integrated optical waveguide spectrometry using molecularly imprinted sol–gel sensing films by Natalie R. Walker; Matthew J. Linman; Margaret M. Timmers; Stacey L. Dean; Colleen M. Burkett; Julie A. Lloyd; Joel D. Keelor; Brandi M. Baughman; Paul L. Edmiston (pp. 82-91).
A chemical sensor was developed to detect the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) utilizing planar integrated optical waveguide (IOW) attenuated total reflection spectrometry. Submicron thick films of organically modified sol–gel polymers were deposited on the waveguide surface as the sensing layer. Sol–gels were molecularly imprinted for TNT using covalently bound template molecules linked to the matrix through 1 or 2 carbamate linkages. Upon chemical cleavage of the template and displacement of the TNT-like pendant groups from the matrix, shape-selective binding sites were created that possess a primary amine group. The amine was used to deprotonate bound TNT yielding an anionic form that absorbs visible light. Binding of TNT and subsequent conversion to the anion results in the attenuation of light propagating through the waveguide, thus creating a spectrophotometric device. Sensitivity can be achieved by taking advantage of the substantial pathlength provided by the use of single mode IOWs. The limit-of-detection to gas-phase TNT was found to be five parts-per-billion (ppbV) in ambient air at a flow rate of 40mLmin−1 given a 60s sampling time. The sensor is highly selective for TNT due to the selectivity of binding site recognition of TNT and the subsequent generation of the TNT anion. Response to TNT is not reversible which results in an integrating sensor device which, in theory, can improve the ability to detect small amounts of the explosive if the exposure time is sufficient in length.
Keywords: Molecular imprinting; Integrated optical waveguide; Chemical sensors; Explosives detection
Optimization of separation and detection of 6-aminoquinolyl derivatives of amino acids by using reversed-phase liquid chromatography with on line UV, fluorescence and electrochemical detection by A. Pappa-Louisi; P. Nikitas; P. Agrafiotou; A. Papageorgiou (pp. 92-97).
The combined use of UV-absorbance, fluorescence and electrochemical detection was proposed for the analysis of a set of thirteen amino acids by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) using 6-aminoquinolyl- N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate as a precolumn derivatization reagent. The utility of using three detectors in series was demonstrated. The separation of all derivatized amino acids was optimized with the aid of a computer optimization program from only four simple linear gradient measurements. The effectiveness of a reliable retention prediction of solutes under any gradient profile using other gradient or isocratic data was also examined.
Keywords: Amino acids; Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC); 6-Aminoquinolyl-; N; -hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC); Separation optimization; Ultraviolet–florescence–electrochemical (UV–FL–EC) detection
Determination of synephrine in weight-loss products using high performance liquid chromatography with acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence detection by Teo Slezak; Paul S. Francis; Nicole Anastos; Neil W. Barnett (pp. 98-102).
Adrenergic amines found in extracts of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) evoke analytically useful chemiluminescence with acidic potassium permanganate in the presence of polyphosphates. From corrected chemiluminescence spectra, the wavelength of maximum intensity for these reactions was 680±5nm and, using flow injection analysis methodology, limits of detection for synephrine, octopamine, tyramine and hordenine were found to be between 1×10−9 and 1×10−8M. We have applied this method of detection to the rapid determination of synephrine in dietary supplements using monolithic column chromatography.
Keywords: Synephrine; Biogenic amines; Adrenergic amines; Herbal extracts; Dietary supplements; Monolithic column chromatography; Acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence
Different radical scavenging tests in virgin olive oil and their relation to the total phenol content by C. Samaniego Sánchez; A.M. Troncoso González; M.C. García-Parrilla; J.J. Quesada Granados; H. López García de la Serrana; M.C. López Martínez (pp. 103-107).
Four different antioxidant tests (ABTS+, DPPH, ORAC, β-carotene–linoleate model system) were used to determine the free-radical scavenging activity of 39 extra virgin olive oils (EVOO) and compare the total phenol content by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. The correlation between the total phenols and antioxidant capacities measured by the four methods was very high, and highest with ABTS+ ( R2=0.9905). Some of these methods of measurement were applied to olive-oil samples (OO), with approximately a 50% decrease in the value of the antioxidant capacity in comparison with values found for EVOO. In conclusion, the results show that all the methods tested were suitable for determining the antioxidant capacity of olive oil. The Picual variety of extra-virgin olive oil showed high antioxidant activity.
Keywords: Abbreviations; EVOO; extra-virgin olive oil; OO; olive oil; TEAC; trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; TAA; total antioxidant activity; AA; antioxidant activity; Trolox; 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid; ABTS; 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbensothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid; DPPH; 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; ORAC; oxygen radical absorbance capacityOlive oil; Antioxidant activity; Phenolic compounds; 2,2-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic; 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; Carotene–linoleate model system; Oxygen radical absorbance capacity
Assessing air quality inside vehicles and at filling stations by monitoring benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes with the use of semipermeable devices by Francesc A. Esteve-Turrillas; Agustín Pastor; Miguel de la Guardia (pp. 108-116).
BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) were used as target molecules to evaluate the quality of air inside motor vehicles and near filling stations, using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) as low-cost passive sampling devices. A direct, fast, simple methodology based on the use of headspace-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry detection (HS-GC–MS) was developed for BTEX determinations, without any sample pre-treatment. SPMDs (25.4cm2 surface, filled with 100μL triolein) were employed as static samplers. After the selected deployment time, the SPMDs were heated inside a HS vial at 150°C for 20min and BTEX compounds were determined by GC–MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode in less than 12min. The proposed method provides limits of detection of less than 1ngSPMD−1 for all compounds studied; which is equivalent to 0.3–8ngm−3 in air for a deployment time of 24h, and to 9–200μgm−3 for 10min time, as a function of the compound considered. Using sampling times of around 24h, concentrations from 0.2 to 145μgm−3 were measured inside motor vehicles. For exposure times from 2 to 40min, concentrations of BTEX ranging from 0.03 to 79mgm−3 were measured at filling stations, especially during refueling of vehicles with gasoline.
Keywords: Benzene; Toluene; Ethylbenzene; Xylene; Semipermeable membrane devices; Headspace; Vehicles
Electrostatic accumulation and determination of triclosan in ultrathin carbon nanoparticle composite film electrodes by Mandana Amiri; Saeed Shahrokhian; Elefteria Psillakis; Frank Marken (pp. 117-122).
A film composed of carbon nanoparticles and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) or CNP-PDDAC is formed in a layer-by-layer deposition process at tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) substrates. Excess positive binding sites within this film in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 9.5 are quantified by adsorption of iron(III)phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate and indigo carmine. Both anionic redox systems bind with Langmuirian characteristics ( K≈105mol−1dm3) and show electrochemical reactivity throughout the film at different thicknesses. Therefore, the electrical conductivity in CNP-PDDAC films is good and the positive binding sites are approximately 140pmolcm−2 per layer. Structural instability of the CNP-PDDAC film in the presence of high concentrations of iron(III)phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate or indigo carmine is observed.Triclosan, a widely used anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agent, exists in aqueous media at pH 9.5 as a negatively charged chlorinated poly-aromatic phenol. Due to the negative charge, triclosan is readily accumulated into CNP-PDDAC films with an efficiency consistent with that expected for simple electrostatic interaction with the cationic binding sites. Oxidation of bound triclosan occurs at 0.6V versus SCE in a chemically irreversible process. The CNP-PDDAC film electrode is renewed by rinsing in organic solvent and the triclosan oxidation response is shown to correlate with the triclosan concentration in solution from 0.5 to 50μM. Applications of the CNP-PDDAC film electrode (or improved versions of it) in analysis or in anodic extraction are proposed.
Keywords: Carbon nanoparticle; Voltammetry; Triclosan; Irgasan; Phenol; Extraction; Anode; Sensor
Selective solid-phase extraction of trace cadmium(II) with an ionic imprinted polymer prepared from a dual-ligand monomer by Yunhui Zhai; Yongwen Liu; Xijun Chang; Senbin Chen; Xinping Huang (pp. 123-128).
A novel dual-ligand reagent (2Z)- N, N′-bis(2-aminoethylic)but-2-enediamide, was synthesized and applied to prepare metal ion-imprinted polymers (IIPs) materials by ionic imprinted technique for selective solid-phase extraction (SPE) of trace Cd(II) from aqueous solution. In the first step, Cd(II) formed coordination linkage with the two ethylenediamine groups of the synthetic monomer. Then the complex was copolymerized with pentaerythritol triacrylate (crosslinker) in the presence of 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator. Subsequently, the imprinted Cd(II) was completely removed by leaching the dried and powdered materials particles with 0.5M HCl. The obtained IIPs particles exhibited excellent selectivity for target ion. The distribution ratio ( D) values of Cd(II)–IIPs for Cd(II) were greatly larger than that for Cu(II), Zn(II) and Hg(II). The relative selective factor ( αr) values of Cd(II)/Cu(II), Cd(II)/Zn(II) and Cd(II)/Hg(II) were 25.5, 35.3 and 62.1. The maximum static adsorption capacity of the ion-imprinted and non-imprinted sorbent for Cd(II) was 32.56 and 6.30mgg−1, respectively. Moreover, the times of adsorption equilibration and complete desorption were remarkably short. The prepared Cd(II)–IIPs were shown to be promising for solid-phase extraction coupled with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) for the determination of trace Cd(II) in real samples. The precision (R.S.D.) and detection limit (3 σ) of the method were 2.4% and 0.14μgL−1, respectively. The column packed with Cd(II)–IIPs was good enough for Cd(II) separation in matrixes containing components with similar chemical behaviour such as Cu(II), Zn(II) and Hg(II).
Keywords: Ion-imprinted polymers; Dual-ligand monomer; Solid-phase extraction; Cadmium(II); Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry